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This book would never have happened if not for my Mom. We have spent countless hours in her garden and on the walks through the countryside, sharing secrets and the love for botany. So, you know, everything you like here is because of her. ... Dziękuję, Mamo.
HERBALIST’S PRIMER C
An Introductory Course for Beginner Herbalists, Healers, Alchemists, and Magicians
by ANNA URBANEK
DOUBLE PROFICIENCY
Written, illustrated, and laid out by Anna Urbanek Additional writing by Jakub Wisz Copyright © 2021 Double Proficiency
Edited by Fiona Maeve Geist (MRC) and Jarrett Crader (MRC) The science kindly checked by Rishi R. Masalia, PhD
Thanks to our lovely Patrons on the Double Proficiency Patreon, and to every person who has decided to support the Kickstarter campaign. You have made this book possible. Thanks to Exalted Funeral for the partnership and fulfilling the Kickstarter. Special thanks to Jakub Wisz who is the constant, inspiring presence in my life, every day pushing me to realize my dreams. Without you, I wouldn’t have even started writing.
Some rights reserved. The text of Herbalist's Primer cannot be reproduced except under Fair Use Exceptions. The author lays no claims for ownership of either folklore nor botany, and would like nothing more than seeing other people enjoying them as well. Keep your use fair and cite your sources.
You can find more Double Proficiency projects on www.doubleproficiency.com
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AUTHOR’S NOTE In the dreary months of Finnish spring, in the midst of the global pandemic, Ihave searched far and wide for something to bring me joy. By which Imean: I sat at my desk and made a list of things I knew I liked, then crossed out most of it and started doodling flowers. Couple of days later, I had an idea that I couldn’t get out of my head, so Ihavedrafted and laid a sample spread of the plant guide and uploaded it to the Internets. Twenty-four hours later I knew I’m about to write a book. If not ‘due to popular demand,’ then at least highly motivated by it. You’ve asked for it, now you have to read it. Hope you’ll enjoy the experience. Contrary to basically everything about the style of this book, this is a work of fiction. With all my love for botany and science in general, Herbalist’s Primer is not ascientific publication. And it definitely is not a medical guide. Please do not follow any medical advice included in it; I did the research but I did not do that kind of research. And even if I did, would you really trust me with your life? (Please, don’t.) What it’s also not is an occult book. While I adore the occult, it has proven impossible to do justice to the topic within the confines of this single book. Imight need to write another one. Go and apply the lore included in the Primer to your tabletop roleplaying adventures. Do not apply it to your wounds. The book will get dirty.
A nn a
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CONTENTS Introduction 9 Lore Primer Basics of Botany Basics of Herbalism Basics of Herbal Magic
13 14 26 32
Plant Guide
41
Sample Plant 42 Aconite 44 Adder’s Tongue 46 Allspice 48 Althaea 50 Amaranth 52 Angelica 54 Baneberry 56 Basil 58 Bay 60 Black Hellebore 62 Bloodroot 64 Bog Myrtle 66 Burning Bush 68 Calabar Bean 70 Calendula 72 Calotropis 74 Catnip 76 Cedar 78 Chamomile 80 Chrysanthemum 82 Cinnamon 84 Clove 86 Clover 88 Coltsfoot 90 Comfrey 92 Dandelion 94 Deadly Nightshade 96 Dogwood 98 Dragon’s Blood 100 Edelweiss 102 Elder 104 Fern 106 Foxglove 108
6 | Table of Contents
Frankincense 110 Fumitory 112 Galbanum 114 Garlic 116 Geranium 118 Ginger 120 Ginseng 122 Hawkweed 124 Hawthorn 126 Heal-All 128 Heather 130 Hemlock 132 Holly 134 Horsetail 136 Ivy 138 Juniper 140 Knotgrass 142 Lady’s Mantle 144 Lavender 146 Lemon Balm 148 Life-Everlasting 150 Lily of the Valley 152 Linden 154 Lotus 156 Lucky Hand 158 Mandrake 160 Mint 162 Mistletoe 164 Moonwort 166 Mugwort 168 Mullein 170 Myrrh 172 Nettle 174 Oak 176 Oregano 178 Parsley 180 Peony 182 Pine 184 Plantain 186 Pomegranate 188 Poppy 190 Primrose 192 Purslane 194 Raspberry 196
Razkovniche 198 Rose 200 Rosemary 202 Rowan 204 Rue 206 Sage 208 Sandalwood 210 Skullcap 212 Snapdragon 214 Star Anise 216 Strychnine Tree 218 Sunflower 220 Sweetgrass 222 Thistle 224 Thyme 226 Tobacco 228 Vervain 230 Willow 232 Witch Hazel 234 Woad 236 Wormwood 238 Yarrow 240 Yew 242
Practical Herbalist 245 Recipes 248 Toxins & Antidotes 268 Gardening & Cultivation 274 Appendices 281 Medicinal Use of Herbs 282 Magical Correspondences 286 Astrological Correspondences 288 Language of Flowers 292 Botanical Latin Primer 294 Plant Generation Tables 298 Adventure Seeds 302 References 306 Bibliography 346 Plant Location Guide 348 Plant Visual Guide 352 Index 356
Table of Contents | 7
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INTRODUCTION This book is an introductory course in herbalism designed for beginners in the craft. For fictional beginners. In fact, this book is a work of fiction, created solely because of the author's incessant curiosity of natural sciences, folklore, myth, and occult, as well as her love of tabletop roleplaying and worldbuilding. As stated before, this is not a book for areal-world practicing herbalist, although they might enjoy the magical and spiritual side of their art. This is not a medicinal guide, and neither the author nor the publisher accept any responsibility of using this advice outside the fictional and fantastical worlds. This is also not a guide to herbal magic, as it mixes way too many stories, legends, and magical traditions to be considered useful for anybody but the most chaotic and discordian practitioners. What is it, then? Herbalist's Primer is a book of plant lore. Think of it as a repository of interesting notes from the intersection of botany, ethnobotany, folklore, occult, and gaming material—a hopefully amusing and useful mix of interesting facts and opinions expressed about various plants at some points in the known history of humankind. While written as a guide for beginner herbalists, healers, alchemists, and magicians, it is just awork of whimsy compiled by a librarian cursed (or blessed) with a penchant for fanciful and overblown research.
It is a labor of love and pursued interest, growing out from the seeds sown by all of the gardeners, herbalists, botanists, pharmacists, tincture-makers, storytellers, librarians, and witches surprisingly common in the author's genealogical tree. Following in their footsteps, the author has the immense pleasure of presenting this book—hopefully first in the series of primers mixing natural sciences with the occult and roleplaying games. Within the fiction of this book, an unnamed organization advises a beginner herbalist on how to start a career in the field (pun, like all others in the book, entirely intended). It does not assume that you, as either the reader or the student, possess any prior knowledge of botany, medicine, or magic—neither does it aim to teach anything but the basics. For those interested in the topic outside of pure entertainment, the author highly advises further learning, structured or unstructured, as well as field experience or an apprenticeship to an established herbalist. For all intents and purposes, this book uses the ethnobotanical definition of herb, that is a plant or plant-based substance used for its medicinal, culinary, magical, or properties, including its religious, cultural, or symbolic uses. This approach allowed the author to call both adandelion and myrrh 'a herb,' only differentiating between the spices, herbs, incenses, resins, etc. when pertinent to the subject at hand.
Introduction | 9
BOOK CONTENTS
The first section, Lore Primer, introduces basic concepts of botany, herbalism, and herbal magic. It has been designed to cover all the bases and provide you with the lore and vocabulary useful in writing or playing a herbalist. From photosynthesis to maceration to harvest festivals, you will find a collection of useful terms and concepts to inspire your future research. Please note that while the Basics of Botany and Basics of Herbalism cover material that may be considered real-world accurate, Basics of Herbal Magic makes no such claims. The material covered there tries to encompass many magical traditions, and while the practitioners of Wicca or hermetic, ceremonial magick will find many familiar elements there, this chapter is not meant to present any specific magical or spiritual collection of beliefs and practices. The following section, Plant Guide, is the core of Herbalist's Primer. Introducing 100 notable plants of folklore, medicine, and occult, it mixes facts and whimsy in various proportions. The Sample Plant entry provides additional context for each module. The opening descriptions are honestto-science botany, at least as far as the author can tell. The same applies to the scale and the accompanying table. The illustrations have been drawn based on material found in old herbals and in photographs, either taken by the author or available in the Public Domain. The notes on habitat and cultivation are also rooted in science, although they may contain traces of magic and superstition, which should be easy to identify. This section is carefully kept setting-agnostic: you won't find real-world distribution there, as it would render the Plant Guide unusable in fantasy worlds. For those, look in References chapter in the Appendices or just put the scientific name in your web browser.
10 | Introduction
Foraging and Preparation is also as factual as possible, unless the author managed to find interesting and colorful bits of folklore regarding the plant. The lack of scientific backing to those methods of harvesting should be self-explanatory. The culinary use, if possible, refers to real-world use of plants in various cuisines. No recipes are included due to spatial limitations, but hopefully it will provide enough inspiration to look deeper into the subject of delicious plant-based dishes. Medicinal Properties are based mostly on ethnobotany, herbalism, and traditional medicine. Not all of the purported properties have been confirmed by science, but—as we discuss in Basics of Herbalism chapter— it does not necessarily mean they are incorrect. Again, this is not medical advice; the author is not a doctor or a certified herbalist, nor does she desire to be one. The notes on magical properties are, of course, where botany exits, pursued by a bear. This section has been compiled based on numerous sources: myths, legends, half-remembered stories the author heard in her childhood, superstitions, folk songs, local traditions, Pliny the Elder's imagination, old and modern occult, fantasy novels, pop-magic, New Age books, roleplaying game handbooks, and poetic licence. Most sources are listed in Bibliography and References; many are untraceable as the author has failed to remember where she read or heard the thing. The science dutifully comes back to the stage in Poisonous Properties, to supply basic information about the doses, symptoms, and antidotes wherever possible. Please bear in mind that this book is not a medical guide—in case of non-fictional poisoning, contact a healthcare professional instead of heeding any advice included in the Herbalist's Primer. For more general information, refer to the Toxins & Antidotes chapter in the following section.
The following section, Practical Herbalist, contains empirical applications of herbalism. It provides basic information on methods of creating different types of herbal preparation, discusses necessary tools, and provides simple recipes. After that, in Toxins & Antidotes, we discuss matters of poisons, symptoms, and antidotes, as known to modern toxicology. Gardening & Cultivation provides the absolute basics of permaculture, composting, pest control, and other related subjects. The last section of the book, Appendices, contains all the material that either did not fit the setting-agnostic approach of the book or that is simply more convenient inserted at the end of the volume. This covers convenient tables of medicinal use (based on the properties described in the Plant Guide), magical and astrological correspondences, and language of flowers based on 19-century British and American guides to floriography. Botanical Latin Primer and Plant Generation Tables are two appendices created for worldbuilders; the first makes it easy to come up with 'scientific' names for custom plants and the second facilitates creation of fantastical plants with random medicinal and magical properties and quirks. To follow that up, Adventure Seeds provides over 40 plot hooks for a writer or game master looking for inspiration. References returns to the roots of Herbalist's Primer, providing additional context for plants described within, listing sources, discussing cultural significance and real-world application. The annotated Bibliography supplies a list of general primary and secondary sources used by the author. Plant Location Guide sorts the 100 plants by biome, for easy use in worldbuilding, while Plant Visual Guide lets you pick one by color or by dropping dice on the page. The alphabetical Index closes off the volume, covering all plant names, processes, recipes, etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As much as this book is the author's labor of love, it would not exist without the combined effort of a whole group of amazing people: cowriters, editors, and publishers. Jakub Wisz has kindly agreed to cooperate on this project and write the Adventure Seeds chapter, as well as a collection of stretch goals unlocked during the Kickstarter campaign. He is a constant source of inspiration, motivation, and support, without whom this book would not exist. Fiona Maeve Geist and Jarrett Crader, an illustrious duo of editors from the MoonRat Conspiracy, have polished this book in innumerable ways, making sure that the author's grasp of English grammar does not take away from the experience of reading the book. All things good and lexically pure are thanks to them; all mistakes are a matter of the author being stubborn. Rishi R. Masalia, with his PhD in Plant Biology and years of experience in popularisation and communication of science, has fine-combed this book and brought it in line with the current state of botany, for which the author is eternally grateful. Vi Huntsman from Collabs Without Permission has helped to make this book possible through their video editing skills and support for the crowdfunding campaign. Cristin and Matt Kelley from Exalted Funeral Press have provided their experience, know-how, and support during the whole process of writing, crowdfunding, and publishing this book. Their hard work and professionalism have allowed the author to focus on writing and drawing. Finally, the author owes special thanks to 18,725 backers of the Kickstarter campaign whose support has exceeded all hopes. Their generosity and encouragement have changed this book into the start of an amazing project. Stay tuned!
Introduction | 11
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LORE PRIMER This chapter introduces basic terms and concepts needed to take the full advantage of Herbalist's Primer. We make no assumptions about the level of knowledge you may possess when approaching the topic of herbalism—after all, none of us are born with this lore, and we should celebrate the opportunities to learn something new each day. As long as we are learning something new, we are making progress. Lore Primer starts with the Basics of Botany, the branch of science investigating the plant kingdom. We start with core definitions, the current classification system, and notes on processes necessary in plants' lives: reproduction, nutrition, transpiration, and respiration. Afterwards, we delve into various forms of plants and their parts, discussing their function and use. This section provides you with the vocabulary necessary to describe plants encountered in the wild, identify them in herbals, and follow the recipes for the practical application. Basics of Herbalism is a short introduction of theory and practice of herbal medicine. It discusses the demarcation line between herbalism and its anti-scientific counterpart, paraherbalism, pointing out the necessity of following proper procedures. Furthermore, we introduce active constituents—chemicals and compounds that give plants their medicinal, culinary, and poisonous properties, waiting to be seized and used by a skilled herbalist.
In this section, we also introduce the most popular methods of harvesting and processing plant material for future use. The included list of common medicinal effects will let you understand the Plant Guide and the recipes covered in the Practical Herbalist chapter. The last section of this chapter covers the basics of herbal magic, that is of using herbs in magical practice. We understand that this part might not be of interest to all herbalism; however, the concepts described within are commonly found in old primary sources, and may come in handy when studying and interpreting older herbals and handbooks of herbal medicine. We discuss the provenance of magical properties and methods of amplifying the power contained within plant material. Notes on magic symbols, elements, colors, and popular festivals are included, as well as matters of ethics of magic. While Basics of Herbal Magic describes concepts that find their place in many magical traditions, it is not meant as an introduction to any specific school of magic. Follow a tradition that fits your system of beliefs and feels natural—or create your own. Remember that you owe respect to those who have created the spells and rituals you are keen to embrace: do your research, learn the roots, and respect the boundaries set by other practitioners. Certain rites might not be for you to perform.
Lore Primer | 13
Basics of Botany Botany, also known as plant science or phytology, is a branch of science that busies itself with the organisms in the plant kingdom. Most definitions consider only 'green plants' the 'real plants,' which includes most organisms using photosynthesis for nutrition, and excludes red and brown algae (which do photosynthetize), fungi, and bacteria. However, as not all 'green plants' use photosynthesis (like parasitic plants), the definitions of plants vary, and the minutiae of definitions rarely matter in practice. For the purposes of this book, 'green plants' are a good enough definition, encompassing vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and green algae. Most of the plants used in herbalism are vascular, which means land-dwelling plants with a specialized tissue for transporting water and minerals trough out the plant (the xylem) and separate tissue for conducting products of photosynthesis (the phloem). Taxonomy, a scientific system of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms, uses a hierarchical order to assign specific plants to their correct place in the system. Modern systematic taxonomy is striving to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms, not just their physical similarities. In effect, plants get renamed or reclassified as our understanding of the world deepens, and the system is sometimes reconfigured as classification groups can be merged or split apart.
LIFE (all cellular life) DOMAIN: Eukarya (organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope) KINGDOM: Plantae (multicellular organisms, predominantly photosynthetic) PHYLUM (evolutionary group) CLASS (defined by level of organization, e.g. Magnoliopsida) ORDER (wide group of related plants, e.g. Rosales) FAMILY (defined by vegetative and reproductive qualities, e.g. Rosaceae, roses) GENUS (distinct, small group of plants, eg. Malus) SPECIES (specific plant, e.g. Malus domestica, orchard apple tree) CULTIVAR (an assemblage of plants that have been selected for a desirable characteristic, e.g. taste, color) Fig. 2.1 Modern Botanical Taxonomy
14 | Basics of Botany
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL. Reproduction through seeds, using genetic material from two parents. In case of flowering plants, the flowers need to be pollinated to set seed. The seeds may be naked (such as conifers or other gymnosperms) or contained inside an ovary (such as roses or other flowering plants known as angiosperms). ASEXUAL. Reproduction through clones (genetically identical offspring), bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, or stolons. SPORES. Ferns and horsehairs reproduce through alternating sexual and asexual generations. They produce haploid male and female spores. During the gametophytic phase, these unicellular spores grow into multicellular gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote. In the sphorophytic phase, this zygote grows from a young to mature spohorphyte producing a new generation of spores.
NUTRITION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Land plants require energy from the Sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water from the soil. The plant uses chloroplasts (plant cell organelles containing the green pigment chlorophyll) to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen, add water, and form carbohydrates (starches and sugars). Oxygen is a by-product and gets returned to the environment. PARASITIC PLANTS. Stealing water and nutrients (and in case of fully parasitic plants—holoparasites—also fixed carbon) from other plants through modified roots, called haustoria, which penetrate the host organism. Some are able to locate potential hosts by detecting chemicals in the air or soil. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS. Feeding on insects and other arthropods, usually in addition to photosynthesis, to supplement the diet of nitrogen-poor soils.
FERTILIZATION
The process of artificial nutrition, providing chemical elements to the environment around the plant. See Gardening and Cultivation, p. 274.
RESPIRATION
The opposite of photosynthesis. Here plants use stored sugars and oxygen to produce energy for cellular growth and building new tissues. Respiration can take place in numerous plant organs (leaves, stems, roots), and can occur in both the presence and absence of light.
TRANSPIRATION
The process of water movement throughout the plant, as well as the evaporation of water through pores (stomata) on aboveground tissues (leaves, flower, stems). The water is absorbed through the roots and pulled upwards through the xylem to transport minerals from the soil through the plant, move sugars and other chemicals, maintain hydrostatic (turgor) pressure within cells, and cool the plant through evaporation. It is a necessary process which uses about 90 percent of the water that enters the plant's roots, and happens fastest in hot, dry, and windy weather—which is when you should pay special attention to watering.
LIGHT
Save for holoparasitic plants which do not use photosynthesis, light is a vital environmental factor affecting all plant growth. Plants have different requirements regarding lights quantity (intensity of sunlight; full exposure, semi-shade, or shade), quality (specific color or wavelength; blue light stimulates leaf growth; red light combined with blue stimulates flowering), and duration (amount of time a plant is exposed to light). The light often correlates with temperatures and optimal growing conditions.
Basics of Botany | 15
herbaceous
epiphyte
shrub
parasite
tree
saprophyte
insectivore
climber
symbiont
Fig. 2.2 Plant Habits
primary root
secondary root taproot
fibrous root system
tertiary root
root hairs root cap
adventitious
tuberous
Fig. 2.3 Roots 16 | Basics of Botany
HABIT A characteristic shape and form of bodily appearance of an organism. Can only be understood if the plant is provided with roots or seen growing in nature. HERBACEOUS. Plant with soft stem whose aerial portion is relatively short-lived. Might be annual (living for one season), biennial (growing leaves in the first year and setting seeds in the second, then dying), or perennial (living longer than two years). SHRUB. Perennial, woody plant, relatively low lying, usually with several stems growing from the ground or near the ground. No clear trunk.
EPIPHYTE. Plant growing on other plants, but not using them for nutrition (vanilla). PARASITE. Plant growing and feeding on other plants; exclusively (holoparasite, broomrape) or partially (hemiparasite, mistletoe). SAPROPHYTE. Plant growing in places rich in decaying organic matter (ghost pipe). INSECTIVORE. Plant trapping and digesting small insects (Venus flytrap). SYMBIONT. Organisms living together in a way that is mutually beneficial to all parties (lichens, mycorrhiza).
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TREE. Perennial, woody plant with a single trunk and usually multiple branches, growing much larger than shrubs. In most trees, the trunk is covered in bark.
CLIMBER. Plant with long and thin stems, attaching itself to nearby objects with hooks, roots, or vines (ivy).
ROOTS A part of the plant providing anchorage and absorbing water and nutrients. Roots usually grow below ground, but many exceptions and variations exist. TAPROOT. A large, central, dominant root, usually straight, thick, tapering, and growing directly downwards. In some plants, it is a storage organ (carrot). FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM. A system built from multiple thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem (grasses). ADVENTITIOUS. Roots growing from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots (clover, ivy, willow). AERIAL. Roots growing entirely above ground (orchids).
AERATING. Roots growing above ground or water, used for breathing, not nutrition. COARSE. Thick, woody roots specializing in transport of nutrients and providing structure to fine roots. FINE. Thin roots specialized in uptake of water and nutrients. STRUCTURAL. Woody, thick roots providing mechanical support to shrubs and trees. SURFACE. Roots growing underground, close to the surface. Good for anchoring the plant to the ground. TUBEROUS. Fleshy, enlarged roots for water or nutrient storage (sweet potato). Do not confuse with stem tubers (potato, yam).
Basics of Botany | 17
HABIT
herbaceous
SHAPES
woody
cylindrical
angular
solid
hollow
AERIAL
erect
creeping
trailing
climbing
UNDERGROUND
rhizome
tuber
bulb
SPECIALIZED
phylloclade
18 | Basics of Botany
corm
BRANCHING
cladode
branched
unbranched
Fig. 2.4 Stems
STEMS A structural axis of a plant, supporting leaves, flowers, and fruits. Through the xylem and phloem, it transports water and nutrients between the roots and the shoots (new, fresh plant growth), stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue. Stems are composed of alternating nodes and internodes. Nodes can develop into leaves, buds that can grow into branches, or adventitious roots. Internodes are the parts of the stem between nodes. Stems often specialize for storage, asexual reproduction, protection, or photosynthesis.
HABIT
HERBACEOUS. A soft, pliant, non-woody stem (primrose, aconite). WOODY. A stiff, tough stem, increasing in diameter each year (oak, pine).
SHAPE
EXTERNAL. Cylindrical (dandelion) or angular (mint) in atransverse section.
INTERNAL. Solid (rose) or fistular/ hollow (bamboo).
AERIAL STEMS
Stems growing above ground, in air. ERECT. A rigid, strong stem, holding itself in an upright position (wormwood). WEAK. A stem not strong enough to keep itself in an upright position. Creeping. Stems spreading on the ground and sprouting roots at the nodes (mint). Trailing. Stems spreading on the ground but not rooting (purslane). Climbing. Stems growing special structures allowing them to attach themselves to other objects (ivy).
UNDERGROUND STEMS
Stems growing below ground, usually serving for food storage and over-winter survival. RHIZOME. A horizontal underground stem built from nodes and internodes, often thickened and containing food (ginger, fern). TUBER. An enlarged part of an underground stem, adapted for storage and reproduction (potato, yam). BULB. A short vertical underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached (garlic, onion). CORM. A short, thickened underground storage stem. Outwardly similar to the bulb, but internally corms are solid with no layers (taro, crocus).
SPECIALIZED STEMS
Flattened stems, similar to leaves, specialized for photosynthesis. PHYLLOCLADE. A green, flattened or rounded succulent stem with multiple internodes and vestigial or spiny leaves (opuntia). CLADODE. A phylloclade with just one internode (asparagus).
SURFACE
HAIRY. Covered with hairs or fine down (calotropis). GLABROUS. Not hairy (elder).
BRANCHING
BRANCHED. With lateral shoots (pine). UNBRANCHED. No lateral shoots (palms).
Basics of Botany | 19
SHAPES
ACICULAR LINEAR needle-shaped line-shaped
LANCEOLATE lance-shaped
SAGITTATE arrow-shaped
OVATE egg-shaped
PALMATE hand-shaped
DIGITATE finger-shaped
ARRANGEMENT
opposite
alternate
whorled
CORDATE heart-shaped
TYPES
rosette
pinnate
bifoliate
trifoliate
peltate
cilliate
lobate
spiny
MARGINS
entire
undulate
crenate
dentate
serrate
Fig. 2.5 Leaves
leaf tip (apex)
leaf margin
LEAVES The main lateral appendage of the stem, usually growing above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves, referred to collectively as foliage, have a great variety of shapes, sizes, and textures.
SHAPES
Most leaf shapes compare the blade to a common object, resulting in compound descriptions, like needle-shaped. The most popular shapes are shown on Fig. 2.5 Leaves, but many others exist. The scientific names of leaf shapes are direct translations of the compound descriptions and may be used as synonyms.
leaf blade (lamina) mid vein (midrib) lateral vein
base
sublateral vein
branch leaf bud
leaf stalk (petiole) leaf axil
Fig. 2.6 Leaf Morphology
MARGINS
ALTERNATE. A single leaf growing from each stem node (rose).
Vary greatly, from even and smooth (entire) to wavy to divided to toothed to covered in hairs or spines. The most popular variations are shown on Fig. 2.5 Leaves.
OPPOSITE. Two leaves growing from each node (calotropis).
SURFACES
ARRANGEMENT
WHORLED. More than two leaves growing from each node, arranged in a circle (woodruff). ROSETTE. A circular arrangement of leaves, usually at the base of the stem (dandelion).
TYPES
SIMPLE. A leaf that is never divided into smaller leaflets (linden). COMPOUND. A leaf that is divided into segments called leaflets (elder). Pinnate. Leaflets arranged along the sides of the petiole along the common axis (rowan). Palmate. Leaflets attached to the tip of the petiole; bifoliate, trifoliate, multifoliate (clover).
GLABROUS. Smooth, hairless (basil). ROUGH. Harsh to the touch (horsehair). GLUTINOUS. Sticky (tobacco). GLAUCOUS. Shiny and smooth (bay). SPINY. Covered with spines (nettle). HAIRY. Covered with hairs (sage). Also called wooly, downy.
VENATION
The arrangement of veins in the leaf. RETICULATE. Veins are irregularly distributed, forming a network with multiple lateral and sublateral veins (wormwood, cinnamon). PARALLEL. Veins run parallel to each other, with no lateral veins (plantain).
Basics of Botany | 21
PERIANTH
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE
corolla (petals) androecium (stamens) calyx (sepals)
gynoecium (pistil)
pedicel
FLORAL DIAGRAM AND FORMULAE main axis
tepals (P) sepals (K) petals (C) stamens (A) carpels (G)
sepal petal stamen pistil with carpels bract (tepal)
P1 K5 C5 A5 G5 a flower with 1 bract, 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and a pistil with 5 carpels
INFLORESCENCES
bract
raceme
solitary terminal
spike
solitary axillary
corymb
verticillaster
catkin
umbel
cymose
capitulum
Fig. 2.7 Flowers 22 | Basics of Botany
FLOWERS Modified shoots, specialized for reproduction of the plant, also called blooms or blossoms. They can appear as solitary flowers or gathered in complex inflorescences.
STRUCTURE
PERIANTH. The outer, vegetative part of the flower. Calyx. A whorl of green sepals, which enclose the flower bud. Corolla. A whorl of usually thin, soft, colored petals attracting pollinators. Perigone. In monocots (grasses, e.g. maize, sorghum), calyx and corolla are indistinguishable. All parts are called tepals. REPRODUCTIVE. The inner part, containing whorls of reproductive organs.
INFLORESCENCE
BRACT. A modified leaf, distinct from the vegetative ones, connected to the inflorescence. SOLITARY FLOWER. A single flower, either terminal, at the apex of the stem (poppy), or axillary, in the axil of the leaf (nasturtium). VERTICILLASTER. Two clusters of flowers develop on a node in the axils of opposite leaves (mint, basil, sage). CYMOSE. The main axis ends in aflower, and the lateral axes also develop terminal flowers (calotropis, buttercup, comfrey). RACEMOSE. The main axis does not end in a flower, but continues to grow and blooms laterally.
Androecium. A whorl of pollen-producing stamens; the 'male' reproductive organ.
Raceme. A simple, unbranched, elongated inflorescence with stalked flowers (mustard).
Gynoecium. The innermost whorl of the flower, containing a pistil (consisting of a style, stigma, and ovary made of fused carpels); the 'female' reproductive organ.
Spike. A simple inflorescence like raceme, but the flowers are sessile, stalkless (wheat).
POLLINATION
SELF-POLLINATION. The pollen from the stamen is deposited on the pistil of the same flower or on another flower on the same plant. Very efficient even in harsh conditions, but doesn't allow for mixing genes. CROSS-POLLINATION. The pollen is deposited on the pistil of a flower from adifferent plant of the same species. POLLINATORS. Flowers attract insects, birds, or bats with colorful petals, scent, nectar, or UV patterning.
Corymb. An inflorescence similar to raceme, but lower flowers have longer stems (rowan, hawthorn). Catkin. A spike of unisexual flowers found in woody plants (willow). Umbel. The flower stalks of roughly equal length grow out from a single point, creating an umbrella-like structure (hemlock). Capitilum. A dense inflorescence, built from sessile disc flowers, often surrounded by sterile ray flowers of bracts (chrysanthemum, sunflower, and most of the Asteraceae family).
Basics of Botany | 23
DRY FRUITS
nut
legume
achene
capsule
samara
hesperidium
balausta
FLESHY FRUITS
berry
drupe
pome
AGGREGATE FRUITS
of drupes
of achenes
of follicles
of berries
COMPOSITE FRUITS
Fig. 2.8 Fruits 24 | Basics of Botany
FRUITS Seed-bearing, mature structures of flowering plants, formed from the ovary after blooming. They can be simple, aggregate, or composite. In common language, the name 'fruit' is used for the fleshy, seed-associated parts of the plant that are usually edible in the raw state. From the botanical standpoint, 'fruits' are also nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and grains.
SIMPLE FRUITS
Developing from a single ovary of a single flower. May have accessory parts. DRY. Fruits commonly known as nuts, legumes, achenes, capsules, and samaras. Some of them automatically burst open on ripening and discharge their seeds (dehiscent: calabar bean, witch hazel), others do not split open on their own (indehiscent: oak, wheat). FLESHY. Fruits with fleshy, usually sweet or sour, fruit wall (pericarp). Berry. Pulpy, few- or many-seeded fruit, in which the entire outer layer of the ovary ripens into usually edible pericarp (tomato, grape). Drupe. Fleshy fruit with a single seed, with separate skin-like epicarp, edible mesocarp, and hard and stony endocarp (cherry, plum). Pome. Fleshy, fused fruits surrounded by thalamus, often in the Rosaceae family (apple, rose). Hesperidium. Fleshy fruit with distinct chambers and rind (lemon, orange). Balausta. Similar to berry, with tough pericarp (pomegranate).
AGGREGATE FRUITS
Developing from a flower with multiple free carpels, all of which ripen together, and may seem like a single fruit. They might be aggregates of drupes (raspberry), achenes (strawberry), follicles (calotropis), or berries (sugar-apples).
COMPOSITE FRUITS
Composed from multiple closely associated fruits, derived from a whole inflorescence and forming one body at maturity (pineapple, mulberry, fig).
SEED DISPERSAL
Fleshy fruits usually depend on animals to eat and disperse the seeds—the fruits are taken, carried away, and the seeds discarded at a distance from the parent plant, sometimes after passing through the animal's digestive system. Dry fruits usually depend on physical forces, like wind or water, and sometimes produce winglike or parachute-like structures helping them catch the wind. Some dry fruits have evolved propulsive mechanisms that fling the seeds at a large distance without any help from the environment.
OTHER METHODS OF REPRODUCTION
Non-flowering plants, like ferns and horsehair, do not produce fruits and seeds and instead propagate through spores, often dispersed by wind. Many flowering plants can also propagate through asexual reproduction, for example produce new plants from rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, or even building whole clonal colonies through adventitious roots. The world's largest living organism is a clonal colony of quaking aspen, comprising 47,000 clones of a single tree, connected by the root system.
Basics of Botany | 25
Basics of Herbalism Herbalism, also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine, is a traditional and generational form of medicine pre-dating our modern form of medicine, still being the primary source of healthcare in the developing world. It is the study of plants and other natural sources as a possible source of medications (pharmacognosy), focusing on their physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties. Such preparations are sometimes called 'crude drugs': naturally occurring, unrefined substances derived from organic or inorganic sources, such as plants, animals, bacteria, or minerals. Herbal medicines sometimes incorporate fungal and bee products, as well as shells. We must make a distinction between herbalism and paraherbalism: parascientific practices of using unrefined plant or animal extracts as unproven medicines or health-promoting agents. Herbal medicine is based on science and study of the plants. Paraherbalism is rooted in superstition and exploitation of the gullible. One of the biggest challenges of herbalism is achieving purity of preparations and establishing the correct doses, as the levels of active compounds vary in a single plant depending on the time of the day, the season of harvest, the amount of sunlight, and the available nutrients in the soil. All of those variables make herbalism a mix of science and art, requiring both talent and years of practice.
26 | Basics of Herbalism
TYPES OF PLANT MATERIAL USED IN HERBALISM
ɜ ashes (from the burned plant) ɜ balsams (semi-solid extracts composed of resin and essential or fatty oil) ɜ barks ɜ bracts ɜ bulbs ɜ cones ɜ corms ɜ flower buds ɜ flowers ɜ fronds ɜ fruits ɜ galls (swelling growths on the external tissues of plants) ɜ gum ɜ heartwood (the inner section of timber, as opposed to sapwood, the outer one) ɜ herbs (all above ground parts) ɜ juices ɜ leaves ɜ oils (volatile or essential) ɜ pollen ɜ resins ɜ rhizomes ɜ roots ɜ saps ɜ seed pods ɜ seeds ɜ shoots ɜ spores ɜ stems ɜ timber ɜ tubers ɜ twigs
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS The active compounds inform the methods of harvesting, preserving, processing, and applying of herbal medicines. Understanding how these compounds are metabolized and knowing their potential side effects is an important part of herbal medicine.
PRIMARY METABOLITES
Products of metabolism directly involved in normal growth, development and reproduction, essential for the plant's existence: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, acids, enzymes, hormones.
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Herbalism, and especially herbal medicine, mostly concerns itself with alkaloids, bitters, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, minerals, phenols, polysaccharides, proanthocyanins, saponins, tannins, vitamins, and volatile oils. Each of these compounds carries a potential that we can unleash through proper harvesting, preserving, and application. The in-depth explanation of the chemistry behind them is outside the scope of this book; therefore, only practical advice has been provided, to give you the basis for future studies and experimentation. The common effects of active compounds and medicinal preparations are described on p. 30—31. The medicinal uses of the plants described are listed on p. 282—285.
C
Products of metabolism not directly involved in basic processes, but having an important ecological function: antibiotics, pigments, resins, alkaloids, flavors, fragrances. They are usually of higher commercial value and lower yield than primary metabolites.
MOST VALUABLE COMPOUNDS
HARVESTING Methods of harvesting are chiefly dependent on the part of the plant and the active compound we are trying to preserve. The guidelines below apply to most plants; the plant-specific advice is included in each entry of the Plant Guide. For a sustainable practice, begin the harvest when the plant has enough foliage to maintain growth. Up to 75 percent of the annual growth may be gathered at a time. Herbs grown for foliage should be gathered before flowering; the blooming may cause the plant to develop an off-flavor. Collect the flowers right before they fully bloom. Harvest the seeds when the seed pods change the color to brown or gray but before they open. Gather the roots in the autumn, when the leaves wither.
For the highest concentration of volative oils and flavor, harvest the plant after flower buds appear, but before they open. The annuals may be collected until the first frost. The perennials will fare better if the harvesting season ends a month before the frost date, to allow the new growth to harden before the winter comes. Gathering the herbs early in the season and deadheading the flowers before setting seeds will encourage the plant growth and potentially, bring a second or even third harvest in the same season. It is usually best to harvest herbs in the morning, after the morning dew evaporates and before the day's heat.
Basics of Herbalism | 27
PRESERVING THE PLANT MATERIAL RAW PLANT MATERIAL
Many herbs, especially in culinary arts, are best used fresh. Wash them in cold water. The addition of salt to the wash makes it easier to remove dust and dirt; rinse thoroughly in clean water afterwards. Fresh herbs are richest in flavoring substances and favored in salads thanks to their vivid colors and crispiness.
FREEZING
The easiest method of preserving herbs. Rinse them in cold water, remove the excess liquid, chop coarsely, and freeze in water-filled ice-cube trays or in small airtight bags. Use the herb ice-cubes or frozen herbs in cooking; they will not look good as a garnish after thawing. As with all frozen food, do not re-freeze after thawing due to accumulation of bacteria.
DRYING
The traditional method of herb preservation, requiring more time, but better suited for herbs outside the culinary arts. It requires exposing the leaves, flowers, or seeds to warm, dry air. Dry herbs are usually 3—4 times stronger than the fresh herb and may be substituted in recipes at 1/4—1/3 of the fresh-herbs amount. AIR. The most time-consuming process, but resulting in a purest, cleanest flavor. Tie herbs into bundles or spread them out over racks, which will speed up the process and reduce the chance of them rotting or molding during the drying process. Place the bundles or racks in a warm place of low humidity and good airflow, but away from direct sunlight, and turn them regularly. On racks, the herbs will dry within 2—3 days. In bundles, it might take up to two weeks; wrap them in muslin or paper with poked holes to keep the dust away and catch falling leaves or seeds. The herbs are fully dried when they crumble upon pressing and have the texture of a cornflake.
28 | Basics of Herbalism
OVEN. Strip the leaves from the stalks and arrange them on a muslin-covered tray, then place in the oven set to the lowest temperature; high temperatures almost always destroy the integrity of the compounds. Keep the door ajar to allow the moisture to escape and heat the leaves for about an hour, turning over halfway through the process. Leave them in the oven until cool. Pay attention throughout the whole process to ensure the herbs won't burn. OTHER METHODS. Any method of applying prolonged, steady heat will fasten the drying process. Depending on the available technology or magic, other methods might be used, but they all require balancing the temperature and time of application.
STORING
Most herbs do best dried and placed in small, airtight containers, then kept in acool, dark place, away from sunlight and pests. They usually last 6—12 months, but lose flavor and aroma over time. Keeping the plants whole helps to retain the aromatic oils better.
DOCUMENTING
To preserve specimens in a herbarium, collect them whole, if possible, on a dry day. Pick aspecimen representative to the species, not the biggest, smallest, prettiest, or most diseased. Write down the date and location, as well as the color, scent, taste, and other characteristics that may change during the drying process. Remove any dirt, cobwebs, or pieces of other plants. As soon as possible, place the specimen in aplant press, arranging it flat but preserving the natural growth habit. Place between thin, absorbent sheets of paper and replace the paper as often as necessary until the plant is completely dry. Attach it to the paper in your herbarium using strips of paper.
PREPARATIONS & PROCESSES CLARIFICATION
Removing all kind of particles, sediments, oil, natural organic matter and color from the preparation. With salves, process of melting and skimming the impurities.
DECOCTION
OINTMENT
A viscous, semi-solid topical medication, usually a greasy, thick oil based on beeswax, fat, oil, or paraffin. It is often very moisturizing and applied to the skin or mucous membranes.
A concentrated fluid made by heating a substance, particularly tougher plant material, like roots, seeds, and bark.
PLASTER
FILTRATION
POULTICE
Removing impurities by straining the fluid using a filter that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles.
HONEY
Honey may be infused with herbs in two ways: with or without heat. The first is most suited to fresh and denser plant parts, like barks and roots; the second works best with dried and delicate material, like flowers and leaves.
INFUSION
A preparation made by adding boiling or near-boiling water to the herb. Herbs are left to steep for a set amount of time, usually a couple of minutes. Technically, 'tea' is the name of Camellia sinensis infusion; all other plant-derived infusions are called 'tisane'. However, this distinction is meaningless in practical herbalism.
MACERATION
Softening or breaking the material into pieces using a liquid.
MARINATION
Soaking foods in a seasoned, often acidic, liquid prior to cooking.
OIL
Culinary, medicinal, or magical, oils may contain fresh or dried herbs; the latter have a longer shelf life and lower change of growing moldy. Infuse oils cold or heated. Let the fresh herbs wilt before using.
A textile adhesive band that contains powdered, slightly moistened herbs.
A soft, moist mass of material—often heated, macerated, or boiled leaves—also called a cataplasm. It is usually spread on cloth and placed over the skin to remove inflammation or pain of wounds.
POWDER
A dry mass of minute separate particles; in herbalism, usually dried, ground herbs or spices, prepared in a mortar with a pestle. Also, a single dose of a powdered drug, often kept in a small paper envelope.
SALVE
An ointment used to soothe the surface of the body.
SYRUP
A thick, viscous liquid, usually a solution of sugar in water, with consistency similar to molasses. A syrup may also be made by reducing naturally sweet juices, like maple sap or cane juice.
TINCTURE
A macerated extract of plant or animal material dissolved in ethanol, usually around 25—60% alcohol concentration.
VINEGAR
Vinegar is a culinary go-to for preserving a variety of ingredients. It is best infused at room temperature with fresh herbs, which takes about two weeks. For a quicker result, use hot vinegar, dried herbs, and about a week of infusing.
Basics of Herbalism | 29
COMMON TERMS OF HERBAL MEDICINE abortifacient: inducing miscarriage alterative: nourishing the body, often through the removal of metabolic wastes
aromatic: possessing a pleasant fragrance aseptic: sterile
analgesic: providing relief from pain, painkillers
astringent: causing tissues to contract, binding, reducing bleeding
anaphrodisiac: reducing the libido
bathing: added to the bath, preferably in apiece of gauze or a cheesecloth
anesthetic: causing the nerve endings to lose sensation anodyne: alleviating pain anthelmintic: deterring parasitic worms antibiotic: fighting bacterial infections; kill or inhibit growth of bacteria antiemetic: alleviating nausea and vomiting antifungal: treating fungal infections; also known as antimycotic anti-inflammatory: reducing inflammation or swelling
cardiac: affecting the heart carminative: aiding digestion, relieving stomach gas, mild cramps, and tension cathartic: causing a sudden evacuation of the bowels counterirritant: creating irritation or mild inflammation in one location to lessen discomfort or inflammation in another location demulcent: soothing, lubricating mucous membranes (topical and internal) diaphoretic: causing sweating
antiparasitic: treating parasitic diseases
disinfectant: inactivating or destroying microorganisms on inert surfaces
antiseptic: preventing microbial infection, sepsis, or putrefaction
diuretic: stimulating the flow of urine
antispasmodic: stopping spasms and convulsions antiviral: treating viral infections; do not destroy the pathogen, but inhibit its development aperient: producing natural movements of the bowels; gentler than laxatives aphrodisiac: stimulating sexual desire
30 | Basics of Herbalism
emetic: causing the stomach to contract, inducing vomiting emmenagogue: stimulating menstrual flow emollient: softening, moisturising (in topical application) expectorant: loosening the accumulated phlegm in lungs and sinuses, making it easier to cough up
febrifuge: treating fevers, lowering body temperature fixative: a carrier for other medicines, scents, or oils hemostatic: quickening the coagulation of blood
purgative: strongest of laxative effects refrigerant: relieving thirst, imparting asensation of coolness relaxant: promoting relaxation and reducing tension
hepatic: aiding the liver
rubefacient: causing the skin to redden when applied externally
intravenous: a method of application directly into a vein, usually with asyringe or external tubing
sedative: tranquilizing, relaxing nervous tension, inducing sleep, soothing the muscles
irritant: irritating the skin and mucous membranes
sterilizing: removing, killing, or disactivating all forms of life and other biological agents in a specific object or on a surface
laxative: stimulating the action of the bowels liniment: used for the making of oils; also, a topical preparation for application to the skin mucilage: containing a natural gum substance, changing into a sticky goo in contact with water; soothing and lubricating narcotic: creating changes within the nervous system, possibly leading to hallucinations nephritic: aiding the kidneys nervine: calming the nerves and soothing emotions nutrient: high in vitamins and minerals oral: a method of application through the mouth panacea: a mythical remedy curing all diseases and prolonging life indefinitely pectoral/pulmonary: affecting the lungs and chest, primarily by removing the congestion
stimulant: quickening the vital signs, raising pulse, respiration, and nerve alertness stomachic: aiding the stomach, relieving indigestion styptic: stopping bleeding by contracting the blood vessels sudorific: causing profuse sweating, stronger than diaphoretics therapeutic: relating to the healing ofdisease tonic: giving the body a general sense of well-being, advised even when in good health; full of nutrients, gently stimulating or cleansing topical: a method of application to a particular place on or in the body, usually to body surfaces, like skin or mucous membranes volatile: quickly evaporating vulnerary: aiding in treatment of wounds, cuts, and burns
Basics of Herbalism | 31
Basics of Herbal Magic Unlike botany or herbalism, magic is not easily defined. The opinions on what is supernatural and what is simply yet-unexplained by science vary between cultures, generations, and even magical traditions. For the purposes of this book, we will content ourselves with describing herbal magic and the science and art of using properties of plants that cannot be explained through botany and phytochemistry. The lore of herbal magic is not easily proven and was rarely written down. Instead, it is often passed orally from an experienced practitioner to a beginner one, who has only started undertaking the craft. Outside of this teacher-apprentice relationship, herbal magic is discussed by myths, legends, traditions, folk stories and songs. Lately, we see an upsurge in magical practitioners, ethnographers, and historians all coming together to document the past and current state of the art—of which this book is an example. While the practice of herbal magic is highly individualistic and varied, the most widespread traditions share some elements of the practice. They use similar tools, terms, and values that we introduce on the following pages. Bear in mind that the concepts introduced here are nothing but guidelines; magic requires practice and experimentation, and cannot be learned by reading books alone. It is not a theoretical science, nor is it static.
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MAGICAL PROPERTIES OF HERBS
Delving into the world of herbal magic, even by just browsing this book, you will quickly realize that there are two main modes of using magical properties of plants. The first is intrinsic: some herbs carry a magical potential that is independent of the will of the practitioner, like baneberries following the passers-by with their stalked, eye-like fruits or geranium flowers turning towards approaching guests. The other is connected to what we call magical practice: spells and rituals in which herbs are used by a magician in aspecific, intentional way. How does any of that work is a question having multiple answers among magical traditions. One of the most popular is the idea of panpsychism—a view that every living being has its own mind, a soul, aspirit, or simply a mental aspect—and as such, it is capable of making decisions and maybe even reasoned with. According to this theory, magical plants make decisions as they experience life, and may also be used in specific spells or rituals. Some magical traditions call it 'charging with intent': pouring the will of the magician into plant matter and activating the innate magical potential. Others present it as asking the plants for help or assistance, working with the herbs as opposed to using them in accordance with the practitioner's needs.
ETHICS OF MAGIC Magic is intentional. While the herbs themselves are incapable of being good and evil, the way they are used by magical practitioners falls under the usual considerations of ethics. Many magical traditions put great care to start their teachings from the explanation of the proper conduct of a magician. In case of herbalism, this is doubly important: you are not operating with arcane, otherworldly powers to shape the universe according to your will. You are working with the natural world to bring change into it. Not even for a second a herbalist can operate outside of the great web that connects all living beings. Just like all plants have their place in the ecosystem and affect their environment in a variety of ways, the actions of the herbalist or a magical practitioner affect the world around them. It is both their intent and the effects that decide whether an action was ethical, justified, or good. We cannot ensure that the contents of this book will not be used in an unethical way; we can only point out the path. At the core of herbal magic are two main uses: healing and protection. While many plants have a plethora of other magical properties, it must come as no surprise that over the millennia, the safety and health were the most important considerations of magical practitioners. Curing diseases, healing wounds, and turning away harm or evil influences (known as apotropaic magic) were vital for the survival of individuals and communities. Yet, it is impossible to gain the knowledge of healing and protection without learning about its harmful counterparts. The differences between a medicine and a poison lies often in the dose. Hence, in many cultures, herbalists made it their custom to take oaths similar to those of physicians:
to do no harm; to abstain from any intentional wrong-doing; to heal, strengthen, help, and encourage growth of what is good and pure; to administer poison only to destroy what is sick or harmful; to not abuse bodies or minds of others. According to the basic tenets of herbal magic as practiced by most magical traditions, you should never use it to harm another, to bind them, or compel their will. Most herbal magic is performed on self or on a willing participant, with their informed and enthusiastic consent. All spells or rituals that target others must be carefully examined—this is particularly important in case of love magic. While many recipes for love philters exist, it is no accident that most stories about them are cautionary tales. It is impossible to create true feelings through magic; any resulting infatuation or desire will be an act of compulsion of the worst kind. The same applies to many other practices of mind-affecting magic. Other common magical effects are harder to unilaterally describe as ethical or harmful. Aphrodisiacs, tools of consecration, visionary or divinatory herbs are not inherently good or evil; it is the magician's intent that informs it. A herb with the power of tearing apart earth and opening locks has a potential only limited by the magician's imagination and morality. The same plant that is used to break a hex may be employed to destroy magical protections of a sacred space. An innocuous fertility ritual may be twisted, leaving the land barren. The herbs used to pierce the veil between the worlds to commune with the souls of ancestors may also bring those souls back—resulting in either a restored life or a torture of undead servitude. It is up to you how you use the knowledge of herbal magic. You are the one responsible for the consequences of your choices.
Basics of Herbal Magic | 33
BALANCE OF ELEMENTS At the basis of herbal magic lies the concept of balance. This is a near-constant across multiple magical traditions, even if the list of elements that should stay in balance differs. The natural state of the world is balance, they often say, and all healing is just returning the individual or a place to this state by a careful subtraction or addition of specific elements. Common sets of elements include: ɜ air, earth, fire, water (sometimes with the addition of aether, a heavenly, incorruptible soul or star matter) ɜ wood, fire, earth, metal, water ɜ air (or wind), earth, water, fire, void ɜ air, earth, water, fire, space ɜ hotness, dryness, coldness, wetness ɜ solidity, fluidity, temperature, mobility ɜ sulphur (flammability), mercury (volatility), salt (solidity) ɜ blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile ɜ order, chaos ɜ light, dark ɜ creation, destruction ɜ negative (passive), positive (active) While the details vary, the general rule of the elemental balance requires the magical practitioner to carefully observe and identify the state of imbalance before attempting to fix it. On its own, neither of the elements is superior; they are devoid of moral value and all are necessary. Depending on the tradition, elements are either substances or constant processes—and as long as they are balanced, an individual (or the world) can thrive in harmony with themselves and with the environment. For the purposes of this book, we have chosen to operate on four simple elements: air, earth, water, and fire, as they are the most ubiquitous. Practitioner's discretion is advised when applying the balancing methods or extrapolating to other systems.
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AIR Air is the element of intelligence and soul, considered both hot and wet (as vapor). Various tradition tie air to the color yellow, daggers, octahedrons (d8), blood, breath, spring, youthfulness, life force, and weather. Air provides insight, open-mindedness, and imagination. The overabundance of air causes being scattered, i nconsistent, f orgetful, anxious, paranoid, overly multitasking, unable to focus or understand emotions.
EARTH Earth is dry and cold; it represents seasons, crops, and fertility, as well as heaviness, matter, a nd wealth. I n m agical practice, it is connected to the colors green and brown, pentacles, cubes (d6), black bile, melancholy, salt, business, and practical matters. E arth p rovides s tability a nd r eliability, caring for the environment, family, and values. Too much elemental earth causes a person to be stuck in their ways, stubborn, unyielding, hoarding, and overly materialistic.
FIRE Fire brings passion and courage, a sense of self-worth and healthy boundaries. It is hot and dry, associated with the color red, wands, tetrahedrons (d4), yellow bile, sulfur, inspiration, invention, and creativity. Fire provides motivation, joy, zest for life. A person with too much fire in them is jealous, quick to anger, volatile, in bad temper, proud, and overconfident.
WATER
Water is the element of healing, intuition, imagination and feelings. Considered cold and wet, it is connected to the color blue, cups or chalices, icosahedrons (d20), phlegm, sadness, tears, and Moon. Water provides healthy emotions, compassion, grace, and self-care. An imbalance of water causes one to be overly emotional, nostalgic, lacking direction, unclear in communication, and inconsistent.
POTENCY OF HERBS As much as the medicinal value of herbs depends on the active compounds contained within, the magical properties also come at different levels. They are influenced by multiple variables, not all of them under control of the herbalist.
PROVENIENCE
As a general rule, the herbs gathered by the magician are most suited for spellwork. The act of harvesting imprints a part of magical signature upon the herb, and as such, creates a bond between the gatherer and the plant material. The effect is magnified if the magician uses herbs they grew themselves, as the prolonged and often repeated contact strengthens the bond. Of course, if no home-grown herbs are available, store-bought are fine.
HARVESTING AND STORAGE
Many magical plants require special methods of gathering and storing that ensure their highest magical potential. Wherever applicable, we have included such instructions in the following Plant Guide. Usually, best effects are obtained by use of ritually prepared, clean tools and clean, opaque, air-tight containers.
TIME OF USE
p. 288 covers the basic connections between the herbs described in this book and select celestial bodies.
PLACE OF GROWING
A popular hypothesis in herbal magic states that herbs grow more potent if the plant itself is subject to trials of life. As such, the most magical are the herbs growing in desolate, harsh locations, both hard to reach and awful to withstand. While this belief is not universal, it is shared by many magicians who chose to travel to remote locations for their spell components and magical ingredients. Statistically, the more magically charged plants grow in so-called places of power: above ley lines (we will cover ley line hunting in future publications), or by various creations of nature or culture: crossroads, abandoned buildings, graveyards, battlefields, gallows, fairy rings, caves, forests' hearts, remote islands, sacred landscapes, circles of trees, glens, barrows, moats, holy wells, waterfalls, ritual sites, old solitary trees (especially struck by lightning), and in sacred groves.
PREPARATION
The magical properties of many herbs are strongest if the plants are harvested or used during specific festivals, holidays, or seasons. Refer to Common Rituals on p.38 to find the herbs connected to such occasions. Other plants are more powerful during a specific part of the day, or even only magically active at night.
One cannot overstate the importance of magical knowledge in extracting the magical potential from herbs. A skilled practitioner of herbal magic will achieve better results with a common nettle than abeginner with the rarest of flowers. You magical tradition and experience will suggest the correct tools, arcane formulas, and other best practices to follow.
ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENT
WILLPOWER
Partially connected to the above, the alignment of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies has an effect on the magical properties of herbs. The confines of this book make it impossible to discuss the full implications of astrology on herbalism. TheAstrological Correspondences table on
As with all other magical practices, the intent and the strength of magician's will influences every element of the spell or ritual. Doubt, hesitation, or working against one's better judgement severely limit the magical potential of herbs that may be used by the practitioner.
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MAGIC TOOLS The use of magic tool and the attention paid to them is dependent on the magical tradition of the practitioner. From rigid hermetic traditions to animistic communion with the spirits to hedgewitchery and druidism, each framework requires different tools. An academic, occult tradition may require specially crafted, gemadorned wands and daggers with handles painted in a chosen color (usually yellow or black). Meanwhile, a garden witch will use a kitchen knife to cut the herbs and cast thespell to the same effect. There is only one rule regarding the tools of magic that appears in all magic traditions: use them with purpose and intent. Unlike enchanted, magic items, they carry no power of their own. Instead, they let the practitioner channel the energy into the spell or ritual components, focus the intent, and ensure the correct performance of any rites prescribed by their tradition. Below, we are describing the most popular magic tools. Their appearance and the exact function varies as explained above.
TEMPLE
A designated space, usually a building or grove, prepared for the rituals through prolonged and repeated focusing of energy. Often established in natural places of power, atop ley lines or near astral phenomena.
CIRCLE
A temporary area of focused energy, usually created ('cast') before performing a ritual though invoking spirits and energies of each cardinal direction or each basic element). Circles are created to consecrate the space, provide safety when dealing with extraplanar beings, or protect from evil influences.
ALTAR
A table or any other specially prepared surface on which the ritual is performed.
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BLADE
Usually a knife, dagger, or sword. Depending on the tradition: used to cast the circle, invoke the elements of fire or air, cut the herbs or other ritual components, perform ritual sacrifice. Some traditions hold a firm belief that contact with blood will taint the ritual blade, rendering it useless.
PENTACLE
A flat disc, metal or wooden, engraved with a magic symbol, like a pentagram within a circle, a magic seal or a sigil appropriate for the tradition. It is connected with the element of earth.
CHALICE
Also a bowl or cauldron. Represents the element of water. It is sometimes considered a symbol of the womb, but equally often, it is simply a receptacle for holding liquids, brewing potions, or scrying.
WAND
Made of wood, metal, or rock, sometimes adorned with gemstones or bones. Connected to the energy of air or fire, wands direct the energy into a specific place and help to commune with beings for which using a blade feels inappropriate.
CENSER
Also a brazier. Used to burn incense, create the magic smoke, consecrate the space or aid in purification and banishing.
AMULET
A magic object protecting the wearer from harm. It is usually composed from gems, figurines, coins, drawings, written words, and plant and animal parts.
JEWELRY
Rings, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and other ornaments with a function of enhancing the practitioner's performance during a ritual. Used for protection and to hold the magic energy for later release.
SYMBOLS ASTROLOGICAL SIGNS
Sun Sunday gold
Moon Mercury Venus Monday Wednesday Friday silver mercury copper
Earth — —
TIME OF THE DAY
SEASONS
spring
Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune — — Tuesday Thursday Saturday — — iron tin lead
summer
autumn
winter
morning dawn
evening dusk
day light
night darkness
ELEMENTS
air damp warmth airy, sanguine
earth dry cold solid, melancholic
fire dry warmth fiery, choleric
water damp cold fluid, phlegmatic
BOTANICAL SIGNS
tree
shrub
perennial biennial
annual
TOXICITY
suspicious
male flower
female hermmonoflower aphrodite ecious flower plant
dioecious plant
SUN EXPOSURE
toxic
lethal
full sun
semi-shade
full shade
Basics of Herbal Magic | 37
COMMON RITUALS The cyclical nature of time as we see it has led to establishing a series of rituals and festivals that mark its passage. Between cultures and magical traditions, these dates are fluid: some are connected to specific astronomical alignments, others to the celebration of farming or harvesting, others to the veneration of saints, heroes, or ancestors. Others yet are connected to the rites of passage in the individual's life.
PERSONAL RITUALS
House blessing: basil, bay, camphor, dill, elder, mint, mistletoe, rowan, rue. Fertility: althaea, geranium, lovage, lucky hand, mandrake, mistletoe, pomegranate. Purification: angelica, basil, frankincense, fumitory, mandrake, sage, thistle. Funeral rites: aconite, basil, elder, lotus, mandrake, myrrh, parsley, thyme, willow, yew. Child blessing: cedar, elder, lavender. Union & handfasting: ivy, lavender, mistletoe, rose, rosemary, skullcap, yarrow.
LIGHT FESTIVAL
Feast of the Waxing Light, Imbolc, Candlemas, Groundhog Day, Brigid's Day The promise of spring, the time of lengthening days and return of life, time of divination and ritual cleansing. Used herbs: angelica, basil, bay, heather, myrrh.
SPRING FESTIVAL
Spring Equinox, Ostara, Easter, Eostre, Now Ruz, Songkran, Sun Celebration A season of birth, resurrection after winter. Used herbs: acorn, flower bulbs, dogwood, honeysuckle, iris, jasmine, rose, seeds of any kind.
BEGINNING OF SUMMER
May Day, Beltane, Floralia, Maiouma, Walpurgis Night, Vappu Beginning of the pastoral summer season, encouraging growth, granting protection, bestowing happiness and fertility. Used herbs: almond, calendula, frankincense, ivy, lucky hand, rose.
38 | Basics of Herbal Magic
MIDSUMMER
Summer Solstice, Litha, Juhannus, Kupala, Bonfire Night, St. John's Night The longest day of the year, the veneration of the Sun, love rituals. Used herbs: chamomile, elder, fern, hemp, lavender, mistletoe, mugwort, rose, vervain.
HARVEST FESTIVAL
Lammas, Lughnasadh, Dozynki, Thanksgiving, Mehregan, Sukkot The beginning of the harvest, time to reap what was sown and prepare for the coming autumn. Used herbs: frankincense, heather, mistletoe, oak, sunflower, and all kinds of bread and produce.
AUTUMN FESTIVAL
Autumn Equinox, Mabon, Chuseok, Mid-Autumn Festival The end of the harvest, time to finish off all tasks outside the house and prepare for winter. Used herbs: acorn, calendula, fern, myrrh, passion flower, rose, sage, thistle, and all kinds of produce.
HALLOWS
Halloween, Samhain, Dziady, All Souls' Day, Day of the Dead A time when the veil between the worlds is thinnest, allowing the souls to communicate or even pass to the other side, time of solemn reverence of ancestors or time of ghosts walking among us. Used herbs: acorn, apple, deadly nightshade, fumitory, mullein, oak, pumpkin, sage.
MIDWINTER
Winter Solstice, Yule, Brumalia, Julebord, Saturnalia, Natalis Invicti, Christmas, Lohri, Koliada, Chelleh Night The shortest day of the year, the celebration of the new Sun or the Sun god. Perfect time for the fresh start, for hope and renewal, for seizing the opportunities of life and making new plans. Used herbs: chamomile, frankincense, holly, ivy, mistletoe, pine, sage, thistle, yew.
COLOR MAGIC Their innate magical properties aside, herbs (and most often flowers) are commonly used because of their colors, to amplify the spell crafted by a practitioner. Just like colored gems, candles, ribbons, and powders, plants are included in the rituals for their visual element. For a quick selection of plants in the desired color, consult Plant Visual Guide, p. 352—355.
freshness and youthful energy, encourages growth, and brings luck.
Below are listed the common colors and their significance in magical practice. As with all spellcasting, the details will vary between practitioners, depending on their culture, tradition, or even personal choices, preferences, and experiences.
Indigo brings mystical qualities and visions, strengthens divination, and affects mental healing. Use it to aid meditation, astral projecting, and exploring psychic and cognitive potential.
PINK AND PEACH
BLUE
Blue is the color of calm, trust, and protection. It brings peace and clarity, invokes stability, longevity, and forgiveness. Like water, it purifies and nourishes.
INDIGO
VIOLET AND PURPLE
Soft and gentle colors of love, pink and peach are great for self-care, friendship, kindness, and strengthening connections. It helps communication, empathy, and mutual understanding.
The color of intuition, purple sharpens the senses, heightens awareness, increases the cognitive potential, and regenerates the body. Use it to add power to creative projects, rituals of immortality or when dealing with royalty.
RED
BROWN
Often connected with passion and desire, red is employed in love and sex magic, seduction, and all matters of heart and blood. It invokes the element of fire and can fight back inflammations.
ORANGE
Orange stimulates personal power, brings mental and creative energy. It helps to break through a writer's block, bestows confidence and energy to follow the dreams, inspiration, and passions.
YELLOW
Like a burst of sunlight, yellow brings energy, joy, and abundance. It balances emotions, stimulates the mind and the nervous system. Use it to celebrate the Sun and the element of air.
GREEN
Green is the color of nature, of plants, of fertile earth. It calms and heals, brings
The color of earth, brown means stability, fertility, nourishment, and protection. Like green, it invokes the element of earth. It is the color of home and hearth.
BLACK
Often considered unlucky, black is the color of protection, curse-breaking, and warding. It creates boundaries, grounds energy, hides, obfuscates, and detoxifies. Use it in banishing and to bring safety.
WHITE
The color of purity, white is often treated as a blank slate, a stand-in for any other color. On its own, it brings freshness, new ideas, happiness, and cleansing, but it may also mean starkness, coldness, and death.
GRAY AND SILVER
Shades of gray and silver are connected with dreams, meditation, and lunar magic. They quiet the mind and calm emotions.
Basics of Herbal Magic | 39
C
PLANT GUIDE The following pages introduce 100 plants commonly employed by herbalists. The herbs hail from various climate zones and biomes, but all have been used for generations in culinary, medicinal, or magical practice. We have chosen them carefully, to provide an accurate representation of various divisions, classes, orders, and families. The plants included in this guide range from tiny ferns to massive trees, from ornamental flowers to noxious weeds, from popular spices to potent toxins. They all carry a potential to heal, harm, protect, or feed, and none of them is more important than the other. In this guide, we have treated equally all plant-based herbalism material, whether it is the whole herb that is used, or just the resin or seeds. We strongly believe that each of those plants has its place and value in the environment, much higher than their utility in the hands of a healer or a magician. We also believe that a true herbalist should know more than just how to use herbs in their daily practice, but also how to find, identify, and cultivate them—and how to ensure they will still be there when the need for them arises the nexttime. For that reason, the entries introduce the basic botanical description, notes on natural habitat and cultivation, as well as foraging and processing advice. Whether the plant is encountered in the wild or in a garden, we have provided methods of
sustainable harvesting and permaculture. Depending on the plant, we have also listed their culinary, medicinal, magical, and poisonous properties, together with most popular uses and recipes. Due to spatial constraints, the information provided is not exhaustive, but it should cover the needs of a beginner herbalist. For more detailed knowledge, use sources listed in Bibliography on p. 346 or search for additional details in References on p. 306. Each entry includes a colorful illustration showing parts of the plant most useful in identification. We have focused on elements most important from the herbalist's point of view, including the close-up drawings of plant material as available from sellers. The scale reference shows the plant in its natural habitat of growth. As an introduction to the plant guide. We have included a sample entry in order to elaborate on each section of the plant guide and explain the technical structure and symbols used. This provides a deeper look into the methodology of the plant guide, as well as references to other parts of this book where appropriate. For convenience, we have arranged the plants in alphabetical order by their common name. The appendix includes two indices and several tables allowing the reader to search for the herbs through other names, locations, as well as by their magical and medicinal properties.
Plant Guide | 41
SAMPLE PLANT
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.0 Sample Plant a. flowering bramch of Datura stramonium; b. fresh fruit; c. ripe fruit and seeds
medicinal
protective
edible
psychoactive
poisonous
42 |
Scale reference: plant vs. adult witch (180 cm, including the hat)
Family Habitat
scientific name | popular name general climate and biome
Size
above ground parts, in metric
Life cycle
annual, biennial, or perennial
Foraging
parts used in herbalism
Flowers
color and time of blooming
Leaves
color, shape, or orientation
Sample Plant Scientific name
Also known as: Lorem Ipsum. Placeholder.
A concise description of the plant for quick reference, listing the basic morphological properties and use in culinary arts, medicine, and magic practice.
DESCRIPTION
The morphology of the plant: the habit of growing and descriptions of characteristic elements allowing for easy identification. Where appropriate, includes notes on the scent, texture, and taste. In case of entries describing more than one species, it lists the most popular ones and their common properties. If necessary, also includes plants that might be misidentified as the plant described, especially if it might cause an accidental poisoning.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Describes the location, climate, and type of terrain native for the plant in its wild state. Includes notes on rarity and commercial value, as well as cultivation advice. Lists the soil, moisture, and sunlight exposure preferred by the plant, as well as notes on pollination, use as a companion plant, and effect on their environment.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Notes on the correct time and method of harvesting and processing the plant material, including special requirements and conditions for achieving the highest potency of preparations. Where necessary, lists the tools needed for safe foraging. Magical conditions, popular misconceptions and superstitions about the harvesting process, if they exist, are also described for reference.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The use of the plant in culinary arts, listing edible parts and the basic methods of preparing them. In case of herbs widely used, especially common spices, includes types of dishes that benefit from addition of the plant and popular flavor combinations with other herbs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Describes the common uses of the plant in medicine, listing main complaints and diseases that might be treated. Where pertinent, notes the best methods of preparation and application, especially in case of herbs that might have adverse effects if misused. Includes notes on contraindications. For convenience, the medicinal properties of plants are organized by ailment in the table on p. 282.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Includes notes on main uses of the plant in magical practice, from their general properties to specific spells, rituals, and method of application. For brevity, they have been described in a prescriptive manner, but the exact application will vary between the practitioners and magical traditions. Note that the magical properties might sometimes appear contradictory; the magical practice is not an exact science, and the will and intentions of the magician may strengthen or twist the natural magical correspondence of the herb. For more information, see Basics of Herbal Magic, p. 32. In cases of magical practices not befitting a respectable magician, like necromancy or compulsion magic, the uses have been noted but without details allowing to perform such spells or rituals.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
If applicable, lists active, toxic compounds in the plant. Includes notes on the highest concentration, dangerous dosage, potential for accidental poisoning, and common symptoms. Where possible, the antidote and treatment are also provided. For more information, see Toxins & Antidotes, p. 268.
| 43
ACONITE
c. b.
d.
e.
a.
Fig. 3.1 Aconite a. flowering top; b. dried seeds; c. seed pods; d. leaf; e. root
Family Habitat
temperate, mountainous, damp and shady areas
Size
50–150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
44 |
Ranunculaceae | buttercups
blue and purple, June–August dark green palmate with no stipules
Aconite Aconitum napellus
Also known as: Monkshood. Blue Rocket. Friar’s Cap. Wolfsbane.
A highly-toxic herb with multiple purple flowers, commonly used in production of poisons, vermin repellents, anti-inflammatory medicines, and potions of flight.
DESCRIPTION
The dark green stem is covered in dark green palmate leaves and ends in erect clusters of purple flowers in the shape of monks’ hoods. The flowers attract plentiful bees. The roots are pale in the shade when young, in time assuming a dark brown color. The flavor is bitter and acrid, and the petals have little, if any, odor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Aconite flourishes in damp woods and on lower mountain slopes of temperate regions, particularly in moisture-retentive soil and in the shade. Popular and easy to cultivate, it is commonly used in ornamental gardens.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The root is the most potent part of an aconite plant; forage in late autumn, using gloves. Clean it in cold water, dry in the open air, and keep safe from vermin, stored in closed vessels. Gather the rest of the plant while fresh, especially when it starts flowering. Use it without further preparation.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
In minute doses, the fresh, flowering plant has anti-inflammatory properties. A tincture of aconite reduces fever and inflammation, acts as a diuretic and diaphoretic. It is useful in fighting off feverish colds and the first stages of pneumonia. Finely chopped and brewed root creates a cure against bites of venomous critters when applied externally, and is an antidote to physostigmine. In some cases, use the tincture of aconite in hypodermic injections, primarily to relieve the pain of neuralgia, rheumatism, andlumbago.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Aconite is one of the critical ingredients of potions and ointments allowing flight (see Flying Ointment, p. 257). Use fresh aconite as a repellent of venomous creatures. Dried aconite petals are a common ingredient in building ritual circles of protection, especially in areas inhabited by werewolves and vampires; aconite also impedes their shape-shifting abilities (see Shapeshifter's Bane, p. 259). Several species of Aconitum, including A.napellus, have narcotic properties, lending themselves to divination magic and communing with spirits.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
One of the most toxic plants of the temperate climate, the plant—especially the root—contains from 0.3 to 1 percent alkaloidal matter, consisting of aconitine (crystalline, acrid, and highly toxic) with the alkaloids benzaconine (picraconitine) and aconine. Even the smallest dose ingested invokes tingling of the mouth and numbness, soon extending to the entire surface of the body; strangling sensation in the throat and difficulty swallowing; a sense of sinking and pain in the epigastrium; nausea and salivation followed by violent vomiting; great prostration, cold extremities, staring eyes. See p. 268 for advice on antidotes. Aconite is used for the production of powerful poisons; it is not advisable to be used in hunting for game, but it lends excellent results when the target is not supposed to be consumed. Raw meat can be laced with aconite juice to bait and kill wolves. Fresh aconite is deadly to most animals, including cattle; dried, it can be safely fed to horses like many others of the buttercup family.
| 45
ADDER’S TONGUE
b.
c.
d.
a. Fig. 3.2 Adder’s Tongue a. leaf and stalk; b. spore-bearing stalk; c. portion of the adult frond; d. rhizome
Family Habitat
46 |
Ophioglossaceae | adder’s-tongues temperate to tropical, moist meadows, pastures, and marshes
Size
10—20 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant, May—August
Flowers
none, yellow-green spores on a stalk
Leaves
single (rarely double or triple), ovate
Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum
Also known as: Adders-Tongue Fern.
An uncommon fern with multiple healing properties, widely used in curing wounds and creating love spells and potions.
DESCRIPTION
A small, hard to spot plant with a spore-less oval leaf-blade without a midrib and a narrow stalk ended with a pointed spore-bearing spike resembling a snake’s tongue. The spike has from 10 to 40 segments on each side. A perennial fleshy rhizome base builds over the years into a complex, vertical structure. The plant has no discernible scent; the rhizome and spore-bearing stalks are bitter, but young leaves taste sweet. Do not confuse with unrelated Erythronium americanum in the lily family, also known as adder's tongue.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Meadows, pastures, and marshes in a temperate and warm climate; widespread in atropical climate and present above ground during the rainy season. Adder’s tongue thrives in ancient swamps and moorlands. This once-common plant is becoming increasingly rare due to the reduction of its natural habitat. It can be cultivated in pots and gardens if enough water is provided.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect during warm spring and summer months as cold quickly destroys everything but the rhizome. Juice or boil the leaves in oil to prepare the medicines; use fresh or dried in magical rituals.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Young leaves can be consumed as fresh or blanched greens.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Adder’s tongue has multiple medicinal properties and is widely used by healers and apothecaries to create poultices and oils for wounds (see Green Oil of Charity, p. 257). Boiled leaves turn into slime, easily mixing
with oil and other fats. The balsam is used both on fresh wounds and old scars and ulcers. The anti-inflammatory properties of adder’s tongue make it especially useful in field dressings of wounds before proper medical care can be applied. The juice of leaves, drunk alone or with distilled water of horsetail, is a popular remedy against internal wounds and bruises, particularly of chest and bowels. Bed rest is necessary when curing internal wounds with adder’s tongue to avoid further rupturing of the organs. The juice counteracts vomiting, bleeding of mouth and nose, and spasms of the heart; it can also be applied externally as a remedy for sore eyes. A warm decoction of leaves can be used topically on boils. A salve made from leaves boiled in oil can be massaged into the blocked or inflamed udders of cows to reduce inflammation and bring quick relief to animals. Extract of the rhizome is used as an antidote for snakebites.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Adder’s tongue is used in rituals of attracting love and partners, primarily conducted during the summer solstice. The person conducting the ritual must gather the leaves by hand, then rub them on uncovered skin. The plant has no mind-affecting properties; the ritual increases the natural allure and attractiveness of the person conducting it, as opposed to influencing the minds and wills of others. Dried and crushed stalks are the main ingredient of love-attracting potions (see Philter of Love, p. 254) and are commonly used as incense to stimulate dream magic.
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ALLSPICE b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.3 Allspice a. branch with unripe berries; b. flowers; c. flowering branch; d. dried berries
Family Habitat Size
tropical and subtropical 10–18 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and unripe fruits
Flowers Leaves
48 |
Myrtaceae | myrtles
white, May—August elliptical, dark green
Allspice Pimenta dioica
Also known as: Bayberry. Clove Pepper. Pimento. Whole Spice.
A tropical evergreen with aromatic berries, prized as a spice and a magical compound bringing energy, wealth, and healing.
DESCRIPTION
An evergreen tree with an aromatic bark, leaves, and berries. Bunches of petite white flowers have a strong and pleasant scent. The aroma of berries is commonly described as a mixture of cinnamon, nutmeg, and clove, hence the name allspice. The flavor is similar but with a peppery burn. Dried fruits are easily confused with peppercorns; however, allspice berries are reddish-brown when dried, not black or grey.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A popular, slow-growing tree of moist to wet lowland tropics and subtropics, allspice can be cultivated with ease and has no great soil and water requirements. It thrives in sunny exposition. It is easy to propagate from seeds but requires both male and female trees for cross-pollination. Only female trees set fruit. Frost destroys young allspice trees easily, especially when planted in containers.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest berries while green and dry them in the sun, then ground to create a favorite spice. Forage the leaves at any time and require no special preparation; dry and use them the same way as bay leaves. Extract an essential oil from the leaves and dried berries and use as a seasoning, medicine, or perfume.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Ground allspice is a popular seasoning for meat, especially jerk, as well as fish, pickles, soups, sauces, and desserts. Fragrant leaves can be used in cooking or brewed as a tea. Dried and crushed berries joined with cinnamon, brown sugar, and light rum create a highly praised and sought-after spicy liqueur known as ‘Allspice dram.’
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Allspice is known for its antioxidant, stimulant, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. The powdered fruit is used to treat flatulence, diarrhea, rheumatism, and nervous exhaustion. In moderation, it improves digestion; in high doses, it can cause stomach ache and vomiting. Allspice is often combined with herbs that have a tonic or laxative effect. The berries contain 4% essential oils, mostly eugenol, used to ease toothache pain thanks to its antiseptic and anesthetic properties; also good in toothpaste. Externally, the oil is used to treat chest infections, muscular pains, and aches.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Allspice is regarded as a plant having limited control over probability and, therefore, bringing luck in games of chance. It is one of the main ingredients of the Liquid Luck potion (p. 254). Valued by the mercantile world, allspice is used in spells and rituals to attract wealth and business success, especially when burned. To reinforce its power, it is often combined with nutmeg, chamomile, cinnamon, and alfalfa. The ground berries are often added to other plant-based alchemical compounds as catalysts. They also reinforce other magical effects, particularly those connected with energy and renewal (see Magical Correspondences, p. 286). Many alchemists add them to foul-tasting potions and medicines, as the aromatic dried berries disguise unpleasant flavors. Dried fruit cooked in water will fill any room with a pleasant aroma, creating an environment of high focus and efficiency. It is said to help in intellectual work and is valued by magicians and scientists alike.
| 49
ALTHAEA
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.4 Althaea a. flowering top; b. flower; c. seeds; d. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate, salty marshes, meadows 100—120 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
roots, flowers, and leaves
Flowers Leaves
50 |
Malvaceae | mallows
pale pink, July—September thick, velvety, ovate-cordate, irregularly toothed at the margin
Althaea Althaea officinalis
Also known as: Marshmallow. White-Mallow.
A common, edible plant used in production of medicinal teas, salves, ointments, and sweets. Often used as an easy to cultivate ornamental plant.
DESCRIPTION
A hardy perennial plant with velvety thick leaves and flowers ranging from pale pink to mauve to light purple. The sweet scent of this hermaphroditic, self-fertile plant attracts bees, its primary pollinators. Leaves, flowers, and roots have a mild, sweet, pleasant flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Althaea enjoys temperate salt marshes and damp meadows. It is often spotted by the sides of ditches, by the sea and on the banks of tidal rivers. It is resistant to frost and easy to cultivate from seeds or roots in gardens and pots in full sunlight.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The most valuable part of the plant is the root, containing the highest concentration of mucilage. It is best harvested in autumn, from plants at least two years old, as the amount of mucilage increases with age. After washing and drying, the root can be stored for years. Leaves and flowers should be collected while althaea is in full bloom, on a sunny day, after the morning dew has evaporated; they can be used raw or dried.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
While the whole plant is edible, the flowers and leaves are best used raw, chopped, and in small amounts; velvety leaves have a rather unpleasant texture but can be eaten in a salad with other greens. The starchy root can be boiled and fried with onions or eaten as a vegetable. Root pulp can be boiled with honey (or, if unavailable, with water, sugar, and egg whites) to create candy known widely as ‘marshmallow.’ Water left after boiling any part of the plant can substitute for egg whites in most recipes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The high mucilage content of althaea makes it useful in soothing and protecting mucous membranes. Root infusions or althaea-laced hard candies are used to heal sore throats, dry cough, excess stomach acid, ulcers, irritable bowels, and urinary tract infections, especially in kidneys. The powdered root boiled in milk brings relief for dysentery. The root can be applied externally; it is proven to fasten the natural healing of bruises, sprains, aching muscles, and insect bites. Asalve made of the root helps in the removal of thorns and splinters, even when the skin is inflamed. The mucilage also makes this paste an excellent moisturizing balm for chapped and dry skin. Marshmallow tea made from dried root and flowers can be drunk daily to help digestion (with comfrey) and sore throat (with mullein).
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Althaea attracts good spirits. Fresh or dried flowers can be carried in sachets or placed on altars. They act as an offering and a catalyst in summoning rituals of celestial beings. A decoction of stems and root in oil makes for a powerful balm against evil spirits. It can be used post-factum, rubbed on the skin of a possessed individual, or applied as a protective measure, thanks to althaea’s anti-sorcerous properties, dispersing negative energy of spirits and spells (see Protection from Evil Spirits, p. 257). The magical balm shares the moisturizing effects of the non-magical salve. Althaea-based incense stimulates the senses of psychic perception, easing the entry into trance and aura reading.
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AMARANTH
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.5 Amaranth a. plant in bloom; b. flowering top; c. grain
Family Habitat Size
warm climate, sunny fields 150—200 cm
Life cycle
annual
Foraging
whole aboveground plant
Flowers
dark pink, July—October
Leaves
52 |
Amaranthaceae | amaranths
lanceolate to ovate, dark green
Amaranth Amaranthus cruentus
Also known as: Pigweed. King Seed. Prince’s Feather. Huautli.
A decorative plant with dark pink flowers that yields the nutritious staple grain. Used for burial rituals, communing with the dead, and brewing invisibility potions.
DESCRIPTION
A large, bushy plant, widely cultivated for grain and ornamental properties. Multiple dark pink or scarlet flowers cover the stems in beautiful spike-like clusters. They have a faint, fruity scent. Dark-red seeds are about 1 mm in diameter and have a delicate, pleasant flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Abundant in tropical climates, almost non-existent in colder countries. Amaranth likes warm and dry climates and can be cultivated easily in sunny spots during spring and summer. It requires little water but should be shielded from cold winds.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the flowers for drying with sharp scissors on a sunny afternoon, then put in a vase with a small amount of water. When the flowers run out of the water, they’ll dry but retain their scarlet color. Collect the seeds when ripe, then store in a dry and airy place. Rinse before cooking; other than that, they require no preparation.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Add shoots and stems to soups or sauces as a potherb or cook them with other vegetables. The young leaves are suitable for a salad, especially blanched and served with olive and honey; use the older leaves as asubstitute for spinach. Uncooked, they are rich in vitamins and minerals (particularly manganese, phosphorus, and iron), and have adelicate, pleasant flavor. The seeds can be eaten raw or cooked. Containing no gluten, they make for a perfect substitute for cereals, can be added to salads, used as agrain, cooked into a porridge,
ground into flour, or cold-pressed to release the oil. Amaranth grains can be popped like popcorn and mixed with honey, molasses, or chocolate to make a treat called alegría. The red pigment from amaranth is used as a natural coloring for foodstuff andmedicines.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
A decoction of flowers is used to stop the blood flow, both in internal and external bleeding. It can also be drunk to regulate heavy menstrual flow. The flowers and seeds, rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals, are commonly used in all kinds of healing potions (p. 254), causing their characteristic red color.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Regarded for centuries as a symbol of immortality, dried, non-withering flowers of amaranth are used in burial rituals and as decoration in tombs and crypts. Similarly, you can burn them as incense to call forth the dead. When used as an offering, the flowers are exceptionally well received by the spirits of ancestors, usually making the dead friendlier and more accommodating. A crown of dried flowers is worn to speed up the healing process. Ground seeds are one of the ingredients of Invisibility Potion (p. 254). Amaranth is also used in protection charms against arrows and bullets; pull up a whole amaranth plant, preferably on a Friday at the full moon. After leaving an offering for the plant, fold the amaranth in a piece of white cloth and wear it against the chest. The ritual cannot be performed by a third party—amaranth needs to be gathered by the person looking for protection.
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ANGELICA
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.6 Angelica a. flowering top; b. leaves; c. flowery umbel; d. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate to cold, wetlands and riverbanks 100—250 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
roots, stems, and seeds
Flowers
small and greenish, July
Leaves
54 |
Apiaceae | celeries
multiple small leaflets
Angelica Angelica archangelica
Also known as: Holy Ghost. Wild Celery. Angel Root. Masterwort.
A majestic, cold-loving plant bearing heavy crowns of green flowers. Its unique licorice-like flavor and musky scent grant it multiple culinary uses.
DESCRIPTION
Angelica is a tall, erect plant with bright, yellow-green leaves aggregated toward the base and greenish flowers grouped into large, globular umbels which bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. The aboveground part of the plant has a licorice-like flavor and a strong aroma, similar to musk and juniper. The root contains a high concentration of angelic acid (named after the plant): a volatile solid with biting flavor and pungent, sour odor. Angelica looks similar to other plants of the Apiaceae family and is easy to confuse with poisonous hemlock and hogweed. Use only after identification beyond any doubt.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Angelica grows widely and abundantly in temperate and cold zones, even in polar regions. It requires damp soil and flourishes near rivers. Cultivate this hardy plant in full sun or partial shade, but it will withstand full shade if necessary. It can be turned into a perennial plant if prevented from setting seeds.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather the root in the first year’s autumn and early winter as it’s bitterer and more resistant to mold than older specimens. The medicinal and magical properties of angelica are partially extracted by water and fully by alcohol. If possible, all the preparations should be alcohol-based to achieve the best results.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Peeled hollow stems are edible and can be eaten like celery or made into jams or food flavoring; use candied ones to decorate cakes and desserts. Distilleries use the roots in the production of gin (with juniper and corian-
der) and to flavor liqueurs (especially quincebased), absinthe, bitters, and aquavits.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The most potent version of angelica is an alcohol-based root extract, but stems and seeds can be used instead. Use angelica’s antibacterial properties in curing problems of the digestive tract: flatulence, colic, indigestion, stomach ulcers, appetite loss, and nausea. It improves circulation, raises body temperature, has a positive effect on the lungs, and alleviates rheumatic pains. Do not use angelica in diabetes (it raises sugar level in urine) or while pregnant (it causes uterine cramps). Ingestion of the plant increases sunlight sensitivity and can exacerbate the sunlight allergy.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Angelica is mostly valued for its protective qualities. If grown around a building, it creates an anti-sorcery barrier, which can be reinforced by sprinkling dried herb in the corners. Added to bath (powdered root or the essential oil), it breaks curses and unwanted spells, especially when mixed with nettle (see Curse-Breaking Bath, p. 265). Burn the dried root as incense to bring visions and help meditation. While not advised to browse past or current events, angelica enhances divinations of the future and is especially useful for piercing the veil regarding games of chance. Use the juice squeezed from fresh stems to comfort and mend broken hearts. As noted above, you can heighten the effect by mixing the juice with alcohol. Or just drink some gin.
| 55
BANEBERRY
b.
a.
c.
d. Fig. 3.7 Baneberry a. flowering A. rubra; b. A. rubra berries; c. A. spicata berries; d. A. pachypoda berries
Family Habitat Size
cool, damp forests and mountain slopes 40—80 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
root and berries
Flowers
white, May—July
Leaves
56 |
Ranunculaceae | buttercups
dark green, compound
Baneberry Actaea spp.
Also known as: Cohosh. Doll’s Eyes. Snakeroot. Bugbane.
A poisonous plant with glossy red, black, or white berries, used both as poison and as medication for menstrual cramps and menopause.
DESCRIPTION
Baneberry grows in decorative, bushy clumps with dark, compound leaves. It carries small, fluffy white flowers in the spring and pea-sized white, black, or red berries (depending on the species) from Midsummer to early fall. The characteristic black dots on the round, glossy fruits are the remnants of the flowers’ stigmas. The strong, offensive smell of the plant drives away insects and vermin but attracts toads. Baneberry has a very bitter flavor, making accidental poisonings unlikely. Most mammals ignore it due to high toxicity, yet birds are immune to the toxin and treat berries as a nutritious meal.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Baneberry is a hardy, slow-growing plant, withstanding polar temperatures without trouble; shelter it from strong winds. Uncommon in the wild, it favors damp, shady woodlands, ravines, and mountain slopes. It can be easily cultivated in gardens through sowing seeds in the fall or planting rhizomes in the spring.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the roots and rhizomes in the summer, air dry, break into small pieces, and store in a dark container. Wear gloves and face protection when handling fresh berries. Avoid contact with eyes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use powdered roots and rhizomes to alleviate menopausal symptoms, especially hot flashes, although long-term treatment can lead to liver damage. Tea brewed from the roots reduces the severity of menstrual cramps and has a subtle sedative effect. For obvious reasons, it should not be used every month
and without the supervision of aprofessional healer. With extreme caution, it can be used to relieve the pain of childbirth, but only if other methods are unavailable.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Baneberry bushes, with their multiple eyelike berries, show an intriguing level of interest in their surroundings, to the point of following moving objects. Whether they perceive or remember anything they ‘saw’ is still subject to debate.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Genus Actaea includes A. racemosa (red-purple berries), A. spicata (black berries), A. rubra (red berries), and A. pachypoda (white berries). All species have similar medicinal properties, but their varying toxicity levels cause problems with dosage. They are closely related to aconite. Baneberry contains a cardiogenic toxin, which can have an immediate sedative effect on cardiac muscle tissue. Ingestion of berries (or injection of the berry juice through poisoned weapons) can lead to cardiac arrest and death. The poisoning symptoms include burning of mouth and throat, salivation, severe stomach cramps, headache, diarrhea, dizziness, and visual hallucinations (reported as seeing irregular blue objects of varying tints and shapes). The severity of the symptoms varies depending on a person’s age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility; the toxin is especially dangerous to children: two berries can be fatal. In the case of the poisoning, there is no antidote. Flush the digestive tract with saline, and monitor the patient’s condition to alleviate the symptoms as they appear.
| 57
BASIL
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.8 Basil a. leaves; b. flowering top and basil’s pollinator; c. flowers in bloom; d. tulsi (O. tenuiflorum)
Family Habitat Size
58 |
Lamiaceae | mints warm to temperate, commonly cultivated in gardens and indoors 30—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial or annual
Foraging
leaves and seeds
Flowers
white to purple, August—September
Leaves
bright green, elliptic
Basil Ocimum basilicum
Also known as: Sweet Basil. St. Joseph’s Wort.
A popular cultivated potherb known for scented, spicy leaves. It is valued for its culinary, medicinal, and magical properties, especially as an antivenom.
DESCRIPTION
A bushy, delicate herb with dense foliage and quadrangular stems. Leaves are smooth, soft, and cool to the touch, and exhale the scent if gently bruised. Centuries of cultivation introduced avariety of colors (bright green to purple), smells (sweet to spicy), and flavors (including lemon, lime, anise, clove, thyme, and cinnamon).
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Basil is a tender plant enjoying the hot, dry climate and full sun. Common in home gardens and kitchens, it can be cultivated indoors in a warm, sunny spot. In tropics, subtropics, and indoors, basil is a perennial herb; it behaves like an annual wherever it encounters frost. It is a perfect companion plant for tomato, as it attracts pollinators and deters pests, but grows poorly with rue and sage. Sow the seeds while hurling swears to distract evil spirits and stop them from harming the plant. Remove the flower heads before they bloom; the leaves grow bitter while flowering.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the leaves throughout the growing season and use fresh, frozen, or dried. Pick the young shoots and leaves, as basil uses the older ones (close to the ground) to feed. To dry, cut the stems, hang them upside-down away from direct sunlight, and then store in an airtight container in a cool place. Dried basil loses most of its flavor.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use the leaves in salads or as spinach, add them to pasta sauces, soups, cheeses, and tomato-based dishes. Pair with oregano for a complimentary flavor. The heat concentrates the flavor, so the leaves are best
used sparingly in cooking. Eat the seed on its own or add to bread dough as a flavoring.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Basil has a positive effect on the digestive system: it reduces flatulence, eases constipation, and alleviates stomach pains. The essential oil has a tonic effect on the nerves, as it relieves stress headaches, reduces mental fatigue, and counteracts anxiety. Apply bruised leaves to insect and vermin bites to extract the venom. A highly concentrated basil poultice is the only known antidote to basilisk’s toxin (see Basilisk's Venom Antidote, p. 258).
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Planted in the house or carried on a person, basil brings peace and luck by promoting cooperation and sympathy. Considered sacred in some religions, basil (especially closely related tulsi, O. tenuiflorum) is a valued offering to the spirits who might reward the giver with divine and prophetic visions. The dead hold basil in high regard; wreaths or bouquets of basil buried or burned with the corpse straighten the path into the afterlife and ensure asmooth transition between the realms. Unlike amaranth, they do not allow communion with the dead, but they help to put the souls to rest (Funeral Lotion, p. 257). Insect-repelling properties of basil have acurious side-effect. While gently handled, the plant is a tasty, useful herb; if mistreated, badly bruised, or left to rot, it attracts (or even breeds) scorpions. In extreme cases, the scent of the plant is said to breed scorpions or other venomous beasts directly in the person’s brain, but such anecdotes commonly lack evidence.
| 59
BAY
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.9 Bay a. flowering branch; b. flowers in bloom; c. dried leaf
Family Habitat
warm and tropical climate
Size
up to 18 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and berries
Flowers Leaves
60 |
Lauraceae | laurels
pale yellow-green, male and female on separate plants dark green, smooth
Bay Laurus nobilis
Also known as: Bay Tree. Noble Laurel. Daphne. Sweet Bay.
An aromatic evergreen tree with smooth, green leaves. It is valued as a protective, anti-sorcerous plant and commonly used in wish magic and divination.
DESCRIPTION
A slow-growing plant with dark, shiny leaves, bundles of greenish-white flowers and black berries on female trees. When fresh, bay has a pungent aroma and bitter flavor. Dry leaves and berries have more delicate, fruity smell and flavor, similar to thyme and oregano. Some visually similar members of the laurel family are toxic, so a special precaution should be taken to identify bay correctly.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Bay is native to tropical and warm climates with high humidity and sunny exposition. Subtropical laurel forests, regardless of the name, don’t always contain bay trees. The trees can be easily cultivated in colder environments if protected from frost—preferably potted and kept indoors during winter.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Leaves are the most valuable part of bay trees. They can be collected at any time but for the best result, pick them at Midsummer noon. The older the leaves, the more flavor and aroma they carry. Blanch the leaves in boiling water for five seconds, then dry them laid out on paper away from direct sunlight for three days. Store in an airtight container. Berries can be collected and dried in a similar way. Their flavor is milder and their other properties are weaker; therefore, they’re less sought after.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use bay in soups, as well as in seasoning poultry, seafood, beef, vegetables, and sauces. Because of their strong flavor and smell, they are usually removed from the dish before serving, unless crumbled finely. Ground bay should be used in moderation as it releases more flavor than whole leaves.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Bay has bactericidal and fungicidal properties, and as such, it makes for a good antiseptic. Use it as tea or a herbal bath, especially to cure vagin*l or urinary tract infections. A poultice of boiled bay leaf is a remedy for rashes caused by poison oak, poison ivy, and stinging nettle, as well as other skin irritations.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Bay, when carried, protects the wearer from a variety of miseries: illnesses, demonic possession, curses, and lightning strikes. Bay trees provide shelter to those who ask for it, extending an apotropaic ward. This confirms the partial sentience of the trees; they are known to complain about their mistreatment when used as kindling. According to the latest theories, bay trees carry souls of wood nymphs, and as such, should be treated with utmost respect—for everybody’s sake. Laurel wreaths worn on the head bring success to the worthy and bolster ambition and motivation—especially in creative fields of work. Eaten raw and in huge quantities, bay leaves have narcotic properties. They cause atrancelike, semiconscious state conducive to divination and prophecy work. Asimilar but weaker effect can be achieved by burning the leaves as incense. Kept under the pillow, bay leaves bring prophetic dreams, although their meaning is usually harder to interpret. They are a key ingredient of the Seer’s Wine (p. 263). Dried bay leaves are used in wish magic. Write your wish on a leaf, then burn it in offering to your chosen higher power. The ritual should be conducted in full sun, preferably at noon, to ensure success.
| 61
BLACK HELLEBORE
b.
c.
a.
d. Fig. 3.10 Black Hellebore a. flowering plant; b. flower of H. × hybridus; c. seed pods; d. root and rhizome
Family
Ranunculaceae | buttercups
Habitat
temperate, shady woodlands andmountains
Size
25—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and roots
Flowers Leaves
62 |
white to pink, December—April dark, leathery, pedate
Black Hellebore Helleborus niger
Also known as: Hellebore. Christmas Rose.
An evergreen, highly-toxic plant flowering in the middle of winter. Treasured by necromancers and hex-casters, black hellebore helps in summoning and banishing.
DESCRIPTION
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Living or dried and powdered hellebore can be grafted through other plants, warping their natural properties with dark magic and changing the flavor to acidic. In a midnight ritual, powdered hellebore can be sprinkled across the land to curse it with withering, causing plants to dehydrate.
An ornamental, evergreen plant with darkgreen leathery leaves on long stems. Hellebore blooms in the middle of winter with large, flat flowers, ranging from white to light pink and glowing in the moonlight. The ease of hybridization introduced darker variants as well, from purple to almost black. Dark brown roots give H. niger its common name. The flowers are not fragrant, and the plant has a strong, acrid flavor.
Hellebore requires an alkaline, well-draining soil and grows best in dappled shade. Frost-resistant and sturdy, it favors mountains and woodlands but can be cultivated in gardens if protected from harsh sunlight.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Use gloves when handling any part of the plant, as even skin contact with the fresh juice can cause a strong allergic reaction. To safely forage hellebore, cast a circle around the plant and dig it out while facing East. Collect the roots in Autumn, and flowers when in full bloom; dry both in the shade and store away from sunlight. Some sources say that if an eagle notices hellebore being dug up, it will attack the person digging and not back down until one of them is dead. These claims have not yet been confirmed.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The roots are strongly emetic and can be used to get the body rid of worms. However, the high toxicity balances the limited successes in this matter with frequent fatality. Reported cases of hellebore curing ‘madness’ are vague and inconsistent enough to be considered erroneous.
Hellebore is used in necromancy in rituals for raising the dead, as well as summoning and banishing spirits. Planted on a grave, it protects the corpse from awakening through magical means, and when used for blessing, it reflects malign influences and hexes. Dried roots make a good amulet of protection.
Powdered petals are a common ingredient of Invisibility Potion (p. 254). Fresh plants have a similar if weakened effect. When carried next to the skin, they make the wearer less noticeable to animals, as they usually avoid hellebores and never graze on them. Please note that skin contact with the fresh plant is ill-advised.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Black hellebore contains ranunculin, giving it an acrid flavor. The toxin causes burning of the eyes, mouth, and throat, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, ulceration, and blood vomitting. H. niger does not contain helleborin, the main toxin present in other hellebores, but other compounds are strong enough to affect the heart, causing slower pulse, lethargy, acute depression, and in extreme cases, lethal cardiac arrest. There is no antidote; rinse the mouth thoroughly, apply an emetic, use activated charcoal to remove as much toxin as possible, and contact a certified healer.
| 63
BLOODROOT
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.11 Bloodroot a. plant in bloom; b. unfolded flowerbud; c. mature seed; d. rhizome
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, woodlands andravines 20—40 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
root and rhizome
Flowers Leaves
64 |
Papaveraceae | poppies
white, March—May single basal leaf, lobed
Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis
Also known as: Bloodwort. Red Puccoon. Redroot. Sweet Slumber.
A white-flowering plant of cold woodlands. Popular and highly sought-after as acruelty-free replacement for blood in magical spells and rituals.
DESCRIPTION
One of the earliest spring flowers, bloodroot produces single leaves with five to nine lobes surrounding the flowerbuds. The petals are white and waxy, having very little scent. Flowers carry no nectar, just fake promises—they give no reward for pollination. The root and rhizome are thick, fleshy and orange-red inside, full of blood-red, bitter and nauseating juice. The sap is sticky and ooze-like, easily stains the skin.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Bloodroot prefers moist, rich soil and dappled shade of woodlands. If these conditions are replicated, it will grow just as well in a garden. It is easiest to propagate from rhizome or from the seeds maturing in late spring. If left to their own devices, the seeds will be collected by ants and stored in their nests until next-year’s germination.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Forage the root and rhizome in autumn, after the leaves die down. Store in a dry place, cut to pieces or powdered. Use the root or the freshly squeezed juice as paint or dye— permament if mixed with alum. To prepare the juice for magical practices, steep the diced root in red wine for a lunar month. Always wear gloves.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The juice has antiseptic properties and has proven useful—in minute doses—in treating mouth and gum diseases. The juice and powdered rhizome are extremely caustic, capable of corroding tissue, allowing them to destroy surface cancers, warts, and fungal growths. It can create necrotic tissue in their place, leading to a serious disfigurement. Note that bloodroot is toxic and should be used as amedicine sparingly, if ever.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
The most interesting property of bloodroot is that it can be used as a replacement for blood in all spells and rituals requiring that ingredient. The proportion of root and wine varies depending on the age of the plant (fresh root needs less wine) and proof of the wine (the stronger alcohol, the less is required), but a weight ratio of 1:10 is sufficient in most cases. If the spell or ritual calls for the blood of a specific person or animal, the root should be steeped in wine with a hair, a nail clipping or another sample of the biological material. It is not advisable to drink the bloodroot wine; however, if an original spell calls for drinking blood, it should probably not be performed in the first place (Blood Wine, p. 263). To protect a person who was in contact with a ghost from future hauntings, use the smoke of the burning plant. A piece of dried root carried in a red flannel bag protects from hexes and malicious spirits. If the identity of a person casting hexes is known, place broken bits of the root at their doorstep to reflect all future spells back to them. Flowers strengthen illusion magic (Illusionist's Trick, p. 264).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
In large doses, bloodroot is poisonous to humans and livestock. It contains alkaloids, most abundant in the rhizome, affecting the nervous system. Upon ingestion, it causes vomiting, stomach burning, intense thirst, dimness of sight, vertigo, and potentially a fatal coma. It can cause miscarriage in humans and horses. Contained in the plant, sanguinarine causes severe swelling of extremities, identical to the effects of ingested prickly poppy. Applied topically, it promotes animal cell death and leads tonecrosis.
| 65
BOG MYRTLE
b.
c.
a.
d. Fig. 3.12 Bog Myrtle a. twig with leaves; b. leaf; c. female flower; d. male flower
Family Habitat Size
coastal valleys, peat bogs, and highlands of the temperate zone 50—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
nuts and leaves
Flowers Leaves
66 |
Myricaceae | myricas
brown, red, and yellow, April—May spirally arranged, oblanceolate, leathery
Bog Myrtle Myrica gale
Also known as: Sweet Willow. Sweetgale.
A deciduous, salt-loving shrub with a pleasant, sweet aroma. Used to flavor beer, giving a boost of strength, courage and berserker-like fury in battle.
DESCRIPTION
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
The plant has antibacterial properties and can be used topically in treatment of gonorrhea or internally to cure dysentery. Powdered dried bark removes intestinal worms.
Thickets of twiggy, red-brown shrubs densely cover the ground. The ends of branches carry bright green, lanceolate leaves with finely-toothed margin. The foliage has a sweet, warming, resinous scent and tastes bitter and balsamic, like rich vanilla. In the spring, the plants grow male (orange) and female (red) catkins.
Bog myrtle grows commonly near water, especially on acidic peat bogs, salty coastal floodplains and in seaside highlands. Female and male flowers grow on separate plants (dioecious), and both are needed for pollination. Bog myrtle supports many species of insects, including rare moths and butterflies like chequered skipper. Like legumes, bog myrtle’s roots have nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria, which help the plant fix nitrogen in exchange for some sugars.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Due to the plant’s affinity for water, a boat or a canoe is often needed to harvest the leaves. Nuts and leaves should be collected and dried with the twigs they’re attached to and only removed after the drying process is finished; this way they retain more flavor. Boil flowers, leaves and nuts in water to extract the wax used in candlemaking.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Bog myrtle is sometimes used instead of hops as flavoring for beer. Gale beer was made with gruit: a mix of bog myrtle, mugwort, yarrow, ginger, juniper berries, and other herbs. Use fresh and dried leaves as replacement for bay in flavoring dishes, especially soups and meats. Add it to alcoholic beverages for aromatic, resinous flavor.
Use an extract or a balm of bog myrtle to treat sensitive skin and acne. Astringent properties of the plant heal cuts and punctures of the skin, cure skin irritations, and reduce itching after insect bites. A tea or tincture of leaves helps to settle an upset stomach, reduces fever, and alleviates the symptoms of bronchial ailments.
Bog myrtle is a known abortifacient and should not be taken internally during pregnancy as it may cause miscarriage.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Bog myrtle preparations stimulate dreamlife by helping in lucid dreaming, dream divination, and astral projection. It is most potent as a tea, but can also be smoked or sniffed to the same effect. Beer brewed with an extract of bog myrtle brings berserker rage if drunk before the battle, as well as increased strength and fearlessness. It revives the spirit and quickens the mind. An abundance of mild psychoactive substances, especially in the nuts, causes a persistent happy and reckless mental state in habitual drinkers (see Berserker’s Beer, p. 263). Use bog myrtle to create ointments, soaps (Pest-Be-Gone, p. 265), spells, rituals, and preparations for repelling insects. If other means are unavailable, bruise and rub fresh leaves on skin to repel midges, fleas, and mosquitoes for a short time.
| 67
BURNING BUSH
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.13 Burning Bush a. flowering spike; b. leaf; c. taproot
Family Habitat Size
warm, open woodlands 40—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
root, leaves, and volatile oils
Flowers Leaves
68 |
Rutaceae | rues
pale purple to white, May—July glossy, dark green, compound
Burning Bush Dictamnus albus
Also known as: Dittany. Fraxinella. Gas Plant.
An ornamental plant with decorative, purple and white flowers gathered in pyramidal spikes. It has a strong affinity to fire, to the point of spontaneous combustion.
DESCRIPTION
A fast-growing, herbaceous shrub with beautiful, pyramidal spikes of white to light purple flowers with distinct veining. Glossy leaves look similar to those of an ash tree (hence the name fraxinella—’little ash’) and turn to purplish-red in the fall. Long, deep taproot is light in color, whitening as it dries. The plant has a pleasant, lemon-peel aroma but a bitter flavor. Flowers and seed pods produce volatile, highly-flammable oils on hot, dry days.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Burning bush is a frost-resistant plant, but it favors warm climate, sunny exposition, and open woodlands. It can withstand severe draught, but despises replanting. Take care to not damage the root when handling the plant and if possible, propagate by seeds in spring or fall. Fraxinella fares well in the gardens but should not be kept indoors.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Use gloves when handling burning bush. Collect leaves in the summer and air dry them away from direct sunlight. Collect the root in the fall, then peel the root bark and dry in thin strips. Portion, dry, and powder the rest of the taproot. Keep all burning bush products in dry but cold storage.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Root bark infusion lowers fevers and acts as an antibacterial and antifungal tonic in infections. It strongly stimulates the muscles of the uterus, inducing menstruation, helping to expel placenta, and sometimes causing abortions. It should not be used while pregnant. Water infused with dittany root cures kidney stones and helps with jaundice and arthritic pain.
Make tea from fresh or dried leaves to help digestion. The paste of leaves mixed with fat is used in treatment of skin infections, especially eczema and scabies caused by skin mites and other parasites. Apply the tincture of leaves or roots to open wounds to heal them quickly and with little scarring. It stops heavy bleeding, like that caused by vampire, werewolf, or basilisk attacks; it does not, however, break the curse if ithas already taken hold. Dittany, together with juniper berries, rue, angelica and numerous other herbs, are ingredients of a panacea against poisonings, bites of venomous and rabid animals, and infectious diseases (see Orvietan, p. 259).
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Burning bush is one of the plants with strong affinity to fire, to the point of spontaneous combustion caused by the volatile oils it produces. The flames are bright and die out quickly, not harming the plant. Use the oils and their waxy residue to amplify fire-based spells and preparations, especially when aquick, violent burst of flames is desired, as opposed to long-term, steadily burning fire, for which ash wood is preferred.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Ingested, the plant might cause mild stomach upset. Skin contact with the plant can cause an allergic reaction and photodermatitis, as it makes the tissue sensitive to sunlight. If untreated, it can lead to severe sunburns. High doses of burning bush may lead to general phototoxicity. Do not confuse D. albus with even more toxic Euonymus atropurpureus, also known as burning bush or wahoo.
| 69
CALABAR BEAN
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.14 Calabar Bean a. flowers, leaves, and unripe seed pods; b. ripe seed pod; c. beans
Family Habitat Size
tropical rainforests, riverbanks 6—15 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
beans
Flowers Leaves
70 |
Fabaceae | legumes
purple and pink, all year large, trifoliate
Calabar Bean Physostigma venenosum
Also known as: Ordeal Bean. Esere. Chop Nut.
A large, climbing perennial with snake-like vines, striking flowers and deadly poison stored in the beans, often used for magic detection rituals and wards.
DESCRIPTION
Shrubby at the base, the plant grows multiple, lofty-twinning branches with trifoliate leaves and snake-like vines, about one centimeter in diameter. They climb up the trees until they reach the forest canopy, where the flowers and fruits appear. Flowers are purple or pink, shaped like a shell. Kidney-shaped, chocolate-brown fruits resemble other legume pods, and usually contain two to three hard-shelled, reddish-brown beans. The beans have nothing to distinguish them from other legumes; their flavor and aroma are both neutral and pleasant, leading to disastrous cases of poisoning.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Calabar bean is an uncommon plant of dense rainforests, growing on the banks of streams and in wetlands. It is rarely cultivated outside of its natural habitat.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Seeds ripen throughout the entire year but the best quality of beans are collected during the rainy season. Though toxic, they are safe to harvest without any special equipment; contact with unbroken skin is not dangerous. For magic purposes, use fresh or dried beans; to apply as a medicine, prepare an extract from the beans.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use calabar bean extract as eye drops to treat eye ailments, particularly retinitis, ulceration of the cornea, and glaucoma. It can counteract acute tetanus if injected, slow the pulse, and raise blood pressure. It stimulates the unstriped muscles and brings release in chronic constipation, but high toxicity makes it a cure with lethal sideeffects.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Calabar beans are magic-sensitive and react to it by emitting soft, yellowish light and a rise in temperature. In dense mana fields, they burst open in an explosion of brilliant light and extreme heat. Beans should be kept unshelled—removed from the hard shell, they deteriorate quickly and lose their properties, unless kept in an air-tight container. Mixed with burning bush and mullein, they help start fires (p. 264). Place beans on the ground in a circle to create a reliable alert ward against spirits, spells, hexes, and astral spying. Carrying them in a pocket may result in severe burns if the wearer finds themselves in a strong magic field. Planted during an equinox, P. venenosum creates a living, self-sustaining, and affordable magical alarm system.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Calabar beans are a deadly poison to almost all animals (with the exception of some moths). They contain several alkaloids and physostigmine. The symptoms of poisoning occur within fifteen minutes from ingestion and include: salivating, sweating, reduced eye pupil size, nausea, blood pressure changes, loss of muscle control, paralysis, and death by asphyxiation. Physostygmine counteracts atropine and vice-versa; one can be used as an antidote for the other. However, as both are highly toxic, at high doses they are doubly deadly. It is estimated that if the patient ingested up to three-and-a-half times the lethal dose of calabar poison, atropine can be injected as an antidote; otherwise, the combined toxicity of both poisons will just kill the patient faster, instead of fighting one another.
| 71
CALENDULA
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.15 Calendula a. flower in bloom; b. painted lady butterfly, one of calendula’s main pollinators; c. seeds; d. root
Family Habitat Size
warm and temperate, widely cultivated in gardens 30—60 cm
Life cycle
perennial or annual
Foraging
flowers and leaves
Flowers Leaves
72 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow to orange, May—September light green, slightly hairy
Calendula Calendula officinalis
Also known as: Marigold. Pot Marigold. Ruddles. Summer’s Bride.
A popular garden plant, grown for its beautiful golden and orange flowers. Often used to cure skin irritations, strengthen psychic powers, and see through illusions.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous, flowering plant, often growing in dense pillows. On long, rigid stems grow spirally placed light green, slightly hairy leaves and flat yellow and orange flowers. Calendula attracts many insects, from aphids to ladybugs, butterflies, and bees. The petals have a characteristic, sunny scent and a delicate, peppery flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
No evidence of wild, natural habitat of calendula has been found. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental, medicinal, and edible plant in gardens and pots. It grows best in sunny exposition and rich, well-draining soil. In temperate climate, it is an annual plant, easy to propagate and cultivate from seeds; calendulas are self-sowing if left to their own devices. Remove deadheads to encourage reblooming in the same season.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect leaves and flowers once they fully open, in mid-afternoon on a sunny day. The resin content is then the highest, which strengthens the medicinal and magical properties of the herb. Use calendula fresh or dried. Dry whole flowers or just the petals—they can be easily removed from the head and dry much quicker that way.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible, but only leaves and flowers are commonly used. Put fresh leaves in a salad with spinach and other dark greens. Use flower petals as a dash of color in soups, rice dishes, salads, and confectionery as edible decoration. If finely chopped or dried and crushed, calendula is almost as good a food colorant as saffron.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Calendula has antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a treatment of choice for all kinds of skin irritations, acne, wounds, bites, and infections. A marigold salve treats diaper rash, bruises, and tender breasts. Calendula can be used topically or internally as a tincture or tea, but should not be ingested during pregnancy or if the patient is allergic to plants in the aster family.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Calendula is an important herb in all kinds of light, fire, and Sun magic, giving strength to spells and enchantments. As a Sun herb, it brings confidence and respect, especially if added to the bath before important meetings or worn as perfume. Seeds sown at the doorstep help to solve misunderstandings and encourage affection between lovers. The petals are commonly used during marriage or handfasting ceremonies, as they bestow luck upon the newlyweds and protect them from the effects of other people’s envy. Use calendula flowers in divination, prophecy, and dream magic, either burned at the altar or kept in a bag under the pillow. They help access psychic powers, help in lucid dreaming, perceiving auras. Fey creatures are often drawn to calendula; fresh flowers are a valuable offering in deals with the fairy folk. Mixed with rosewater, witch hazel, and thyme, calendula flowers make an ointment allowing to see invisible creatures and look through illusions and fey glamours (see Disillusionment Ointment, p. 257).
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CALOTROPIS
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.16 Calotropis a. flowering branch; b. flower of the white cultivar; c. cut-away of the leaf with oozing latex
Family Habitat Size
warm and tropical, abandoned farmlands 2—4 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
74 |
Apocynaceae | dogbanes
lavender to white, all year thick, waxy, oval
Calotropis Calotropis gigantea
Also known as: Crown Flower. Swallow-Wort. Giant Milkweed. Aak.
An ornamental, easy to grow shrub with decorative flowers and poisonous latex. A favourite of butterflies, it repels snakes, nightmares, and evil spirits.
DESCRIPTION
A fast-growing shrub with straight, simple stems and oval, green leaves. Calotropis grows clusters of wavy, five-petaled flowers, each with a distinct crown holding the stamens. The flowers have a faint sweet scent. The plant produces milky, sticky sap (latex) of bitter, burning flavor. Seed pods are large and elongated, containing multiple seeds, each with a tuft of long, silky hair. Calotropis is a favorite of monarch butterflies and their caterpillars.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A native of dry warm and tropical climate, calotropis grows abundantly where nothing else will grow, as long as it has a sunny exposition and a well-draining soil. It can be cultivated in colder climates if brought indoors during the colder months. Propagate from seeds or cuttings.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The plant can be foraged whole, cut down close to the ground; it resprouts vigorously. Wear gloves, as the fresh sap is toxic and can cause skin irritation. If left to stand or heated, it forms safe to handle white clots or resin and expels toxic, straw-colored serum. Extract fiber the stem for bowstrings and process seed floss into candle wicks.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use the candied central part of the flower as sweetmeat. Fermented leaves are an ingredient of alcoholic bitters.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use dried and powdered leaves to cure paralysis and swellings. The seasoned latex helps in skin diseases and relieves itching. The flowers are used topically as a salve to
cure hemorrhoids and internally as expectorant. The smoke from the bark can be inhaled to cause sweatings and to treat cough and asthma. The powdered root helps bowel movement. Calotropis is an abortifacient and will in most cases cause miscarriage. See other notes on toxicity below.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Planted in front of the house, calotropis wards the building and its residents from harmful magic and illness. Write the names of your enemies on the leaf using the sap and bury the leaf in the ground; the enemies will never rise against you. If you drop the leaf into moving water, the enemies will leave you in peace and move elsewhere. A piece of the dried root put in a cloth bag with alum, garlic, and a peaco*ck feather makes a potent amulet protecting children from nightmares, scares, and evil spirits. Calotropis has limited control over snakes and other snake-like creatures. Flower wreaths will repel most reptiles, and spells and enchantments performed with the use of calotropis are particularly effective when aimed at snakes (Snake Charmer, p. 266).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
All parts of the plant, especially the latex, are poisonous. Skin contact with the fresh milky sap can cause severe blistering, and in contact with the eye, latex causes acute but temporary inflammation and vision loss. If ingested, it causes burning in the digestive tract, diarrhea, and vomitting, sometimes leading to convulsions and death within twelve hours. Snuffed calotropis powder leads to immediate cardiac arrest and death.
| 75
CATNIP
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.17 Catnip a. flowering top; b. flowers; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm climate, often cultivated in gardens 60—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and leaves
Flowers Leaves
76 |
Lamiaceae | mints
pink and white, July—September elliptical to triangular, toothed
Catnip Nepeta cataria
Also known as: Catswort. Catmint. Cat Melissa.
A popular garden herb, beloved by cats and bees alike and grown for its citrusy scent, relaxing and sedative properties, and use in beauty and feline magic.
DESCRIPTION
A member of the mint family, catnip shares the usual square, hairy stem and coarsetoothed leaves of its relatives. The leaves’ undersides are covered in white hair. Small white or lavender flowers are dotted with purple spots and fragrant. Catnip has a pleasant scent of bitter lime and mint. It attracts pollinating insects, especially honey bees and butterflies. Cats can often be found rolling in a catnip bush.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A hardy, drought-resistant plant, living its best life in full sun and moist, light soil. Grows abundantly in a temperate climate and requires little to no effort in cultivation in gardens, flowerbeds, or indoor pots. Cut down catnip after flowering to encourage asecond harvest in the season.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the plant when flowering, making sure that at least half of the flowers are already open. Dry the whole harvest upside-down in a dark, airy place, remove the stems, finish the drying process of leaves and flowers, then store in an airtight container. Catnip is most often used as a tea, an infusion, or a tincture.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible. Rub fresh leaves into meat for flavor, add them to stews and sauces. Add fresh flowers to a salad for a light citrusy tang and a beautiful splash of color.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Catnip has sedative, calming, and relaxing properties; it induces sleep and is a mild anti-depressant. It can help colic in children
and positively affects the digestive tract, calming an upset stomach, relieving diarrhea and flatulence, and preventing nausea caused by motion sickness. It has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces fever, and soothes cough and sore throat. Catnip stimulates the uterus, encourages menstruation, and relieves cramps; it should not be used during pregnancy. Catnip has a mild psychoactive effect on humans. When smoked, it produces visual and auditory hallucinations, making the user contented, happy, and intoxicated.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use catnip in spells and enchantments of beauty, happiness, and love. While the herb cannot create feelings, it encourages building relationships. A sachet of dried flowers worn under clothing makes the wearer more alluring and charismatic. Eaten raw or burned as incense, it conjures courage, both in physical battles and in those fought in the astral realms. Keep dried catnip as bookmarks in magical volumes to protect them from bad weather, wear and tear, and even fix small damages. It strengthens the power of spells contained within the book. An offering of catnip creates a psychic bond with most cats and is an ingredient of choice in cat magic, from summoning familiars to healing to bargaining with feline gods and demons. It has an opposite effect on rodents and helps with banishing and repelling of those. The animal connections make catnip a perfect ingredient in rituals, spells, and potions of shape-changing andpolymorphing.
| 77
CEDAR
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.18 Cedar a. branch with ripe cones; b. fresh sprout and bark; c. young female seed cones
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, wet woodlands, marshes, and cliffs 15—20 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
sap, bark, and twigs
Flowers Leaves
78 |
Cupressaceae | cypresses
slender, yellow-green seed cones scaly, evergreen
Cedar Thuja occidentalis
Also known as: Tree of Life. Cypress. Witch Tree. White Cedar.
An evergreen coniferous tree, widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Valued by wandmakers, it brings purity and protection from the spirits of the dead.
DESCRIPTION
A long-lived conifer with bright green scalelike leaves. It grows quickly when young; after 15—20 years, the process slows down almost to a halt. The crown is naturally conical, and the bark red-brown. Fan-like branches turn to brown during winter. The small, slender seed cones ripen to brown as well. Cedar has a pleasant smell, but its pollen can cause allergies and hayfever.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A native of cold and temperate wet woodlands, cedar thrives even in the poorest soil and on swamps and marshes, where other larger and/or faster-growing trees cannot not compete. It requires little work to cultivate. Keep it safe from deer who love grazing on the soft branches in winter. Cedars can live for hundreds of years; the oldest known specimens are over 1600 years old.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
No matter the purpose, never forage cedar without asking permission first. Even the young saplings carry the wisdom of the ancient trees. Cut twigs and strip bark in moderation, never taking more than you need. Extract oil from the sap, bark, and leaves.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Cedar foliage is rich in vitamin C and counteracts scurvy, but long-term use has adverse effects. Use the oil as a disinfectant and an insecticide. An ointment made from leaves treats warts, ringworm, and thrush. Contrary to popular belief, never use cedar as an abortifacient—while cedar can cause uterine muscle contractions which could lead to miscarriage, though the simultaneous exposure to thujone could prove lethal.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Cedarwood—light, durable, and rot-resistant—is valued by wandmakers. It represents incorruptibility, eternal life, and wisdom of the ages, making it especially suited for those following in their ancestors' footsteps and heeding their guidance. Known as the tree of life, cedar brings protection and purity to those who revere it. It is said to house nature deities and spirits of ancestors. A camp set under a cedar tree is safe from predators and malicious spirits. Use cedar in spells and enchantments of protection and purification, both physical and mental. It lessens the hold of bad habits, especially excessive behaviors, alleviates self-loathing, and counteracts self-sabotaging (Removal of Bad Habits, p. 267). Planted around cemeteries, it keeps the spirits of the dead contained within. Cedar smoke banishes spirits and prevents hauntings and possessions. It purifies the area from the influence of the dead, whether positive or negative, and allows communication (Ghost-Speech Syrup, p. 255).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Cedar contains a high concentration of thujone, a compound also found in juniper, mugwort, and wormwood, and is therefore poisonous for humans and horses. Longterm consumption of small doses causes permanent damage to the central nervous system and leads to personality changes. The effects of consumption of the fresh plant are mild, with vomiting and stomach aches. Overdosing cedar preparations leads to convulsions, arrhythmia, bleeding heart, muscular cramps, and lethal apnea.
| 79
CHAMOMILE
b.
c.
d.
a. Fig. 3.19 Chamomile a. M. chamomilla in bloom; b. flower; c. leaf of M. chamomilla; d. leaf of C. nobile
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm climate, meadows, lawns, open fields 15—60 cm
Life cycle
annual or perennial
Foraging
whole plant or just flowers
Flowers
white with yellow centers, May—August
Leaves
80 |
Asteraceae | asters
long and narrow or finely dissected
Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Chamaemelum nobile
Also known as: Camomile. Scented Mayweed. Mother’s Daisy. Ground Apple.
A low, perennial plant with numerous yellow and white daisy-like flowers. It brings prosperity, wealth, love, and peaceful sleep to those who most need it.
DESCRIPTION
Chamomile is a common name shared by several daisy-like plants; from those, M. chamomila and C. nobile are used most often. They have similar magical and medicinal properties. Branched, smooth stems carry green leaves of varied shapes. The flowers are composed of white ray florets assembles around central yellow disc florets. M. chamomilla has more herbal scent and sweeter flavor and is used more frequently for consumption. C.nobile is bitterer, but its scent is more pleasant and apple-like, so it is common in topical applications.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Both species grow best in open meadows, fields, and on roadsides. They are hardy enough to withstand drought, frost, poor soil, and little nutrition, but they require sunlight to grow. M. chamomilla is an annual plant, while C. nobile is a perennial.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowers when in full bloom. Deadhead the plant often to encourage multiple harvests in one season. Use the air dried flowers for tea. Prepare the infused oil and make a salve for topical application or extract the essential oil. Dried and powdered flowers will last longest if prepared as an ethanol-based tincture with 50% alcohol.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The natural bitterness of chamomile found its use in brewing beer, for which the whole plant is needed. Use the golden centers and pollen as food coloring and flavoring, especially for sherries, wines, ice creams, soups, and pastries. The herbal notes and bittersweet flavor add a sophisticated flavor to desserts and savory dishes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Chamomile tea, brewed from dried flowers, promotes sleepiness, reduces insomnia, and raises sleep quality. Drank regularly, it lowers blood sugar and cholesterol levels. An extract of chamomile reduces acidity in the stomach, prevents ulcers, reduces nausea and flatulence. As all asters, it can cause allergic reactions. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties promote healing; use the oil or asalve topically for sunburns, skin inflammation, hemorrhoids, wounds, and skin ulcers.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Chamomile is a Sun herb, appropriate as an offering to every deity, spirit, creature, or power connected to sunlight, fire, or summer. It brings light into the darkest places and luck into the most hopeless situations, especially when worn as a garland on one’s hair or carried in a pocket. Golden hearts of chamomile flowers attract love, money, and prosperity. A hand wash made from the infusion of flowers helps in gambling and games of chance. Sprinkle dried flowers on the ground to remove curses and spells cast against the land and its inhabitants. Place chamomile next to ailing, cursed, or blighted plants to aid their recovery (see Plant Growth Oil, p. 261). A common ingredient of sleep spells, chamomile brings peace and rest to those who need it. It can never be used to cause ill-intentioned or forced sleep; it just soothes the senses and is best enjoyed as a herbal bath. Chamomile helps in dream magic, visualizing, and meditation.
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CHRYSANTHEMUM
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.20 Chrysanthemum a.—d. cultivars of most popular C. × morifolium
Family Habitat Size
82 |
Asteraceae | asters cold to temperate, usually cultivated 30—90 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and leaves
Flowers
various colors, September—November
Leaves
thick, long, leathery, ovate and plumed
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum spp.
Also known as: Mums. Chrysanth. Florist’s Daisy.
An ornamental plant prized for its colorful, autumnal flowers and the power of spiritual protection. It guards the threshold between immortal life and death.
DESCRIPTION
Herbaceous, shrub-like plant with upright, branching stems, partially woody close to the ground. The leaves are thick and long, ovate; the lower leaves are plumed, and they grow entire further up the stem. A variety of species and cultivars exists, with flowers ranging from simple and flat to full pompons. Petals can be any color from white to dark purple; yellow and pink are most common. The flavor and scent vary from plant to plant, but they are usually herbal, bitter, and peppery.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Chrysanthemums enjoy a moderate amount of sunlight but wither in severe heat. Their beautiful, colorful flowers appear in the early autumn and stay in the temperate zone until winter. Grow them in the garden; they will usually bloom only once in a hothouse or indoors. They are susceptible to mildew, so they should be kept in well-draining soil. Propagate through seeds, cuttings, or—ideally—through division.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowers when entirely in bloom, preferably before the first frost. Dry whole or just the petals, then keep them in an airtight container away from direct sunlight. Forage the leaves in spring and summer.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat fresh leaves as greens in a salad, stirfry, or chop suey. The flowers are edible, but their flavor varies between species, from sweet to tangy to bitter to peppery. Blanch the flowers and use only the petals; the flower base is very bitter. They are an attractive garnish or an addition to a salad; they may also be added to rice wine.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The most popular medicinal application of chrysanthemum is as a tea to reduce fevers and cold symptoms in the early stages of the illness. It has cooling properties that soothe inflammations and calm the nerves. An extract of chrysanthemum strengthens bones, and if used over a prolonged period, slows down bone diseases like osteoporosis. Like other plants in the aster family, it can cause allergies, usually skin rash and respiratory irritation.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use chrysanthemum for spiritual protection. Scatter the fresh or dried petals to cast a protective circle against negative energy, spirits, and even deities. Mix the flowers with ginger and dragon’s blood for a fiery protection incense. Growing chrysanthemums reduce indoor pollution. Chrysanthemums are the flowers growing on the threshold between life and death. Use them in rituals bringing eternal youth and immortality, and negotiating the matters of one’s survival. At the same time, they are the perfect offering for the souls of the dead during the burial rites, guiding them to the other side and ensuring they will not stay behind. When the veil between the worlds is thinnest, especially during festivals honoring the dead, chrysanthemums protect the wearers and houses from unwelcome guests. Burn them or place on an ancestral altar, to bless the space and the people staying there. The variety of flowers’ colors makes them useful in other spells and enchantments, depending on needs and magical traditions.
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CINNAMON
b.
c.
d. a.
Fig. 3.21 Cinnamon a. ripe leaves and berries; b. sticks of C. cassia; c. sticks of C. verum; d. powdered cinnamon spice
Family Habitat Size
tropical climate, woods or in cultivation 10—15 m, in cultivation 3 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
inner bark and leaves
Flowers Leaves
84 |
Lauraceae | laurels
small and greenish, all year ovate, elongated, bright green
Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum
Also known as: Sweet Wood. Cassia.
A slow-growing, evergreen tree, best known for its aromatic bark used as a spice. It is a tool of magical attraction, bringing success, financial gains, and protection.
DESCRIPTION
A small tree, growing up to 10—15 meters in the wild. In cultivation, it usually reaches only a couple of meters due to constant cutting down of branches for foraging. Cinnamon leaves are yellow-red when young, changing to bright green as they mature. The flowers are small, greenish, with unpleasant scent, and the fresh fruits smell like turpentine. Thin, brown, paper-like bark is the most valued part of the tree.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Cinnamon is a highly valued spice, finding a multitude of uses in desserts, curries, sweet dishes, pickles, confectionery, and drinks. Both the bark and leaves can be used for flavoring, the former having a less pronounced flavor.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The highest quality cinnamon spice is obtained from the inner bark of C. verum, but several related species, like C. cassia, are also foraged for that purpose. Cassia bark is thicker, coarser, duller, and less aromatic than C. verum, while the flavor is more pungent and slightly bitter—but it persists better in cooking.
Chew a piece of bark or use cinnamon oil as a breath sweetener. Apply the mixture of honey and cinnamon to wounds as a coagulant paste that stops the bleeding and kills microbes and fungi. Added to food, cinnamon helps the digestive processes, lowers the blood sugar and cholesterol, and improves the health of the colon. It advances tissue regeneration and is often used in medicinal preparations as a support for other active substances.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Cinnamon is usually grown in plantations. It requires the warm and moist climate of a tropical forest, with regular rainy seasons. While it is adapted to a wide range of soils, poor quality will influence the flavor and aroma of the spice. Several related species can be grown in containers indoors.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Forage the bark from a tree that is at least three years old; it will grow new shoots if trimmed. Harvest twice a year, at the end of the rainy season, to easier remove the outer bark. Cut off a branch, score the bark, remove the outer layer and the inner core, leaving the fragrant, inner bark sheets. Let them dry in a clean, warm environment for a couple of days, until it curls into sticks. Leave them whole or grate into powder. Store in a cool, dry place for up to three years.
A valued catalyst, cinnamon can be added to any spell or ritual to speed up magical processes. It is especially suited for magical healing, spells of fire and light, and rituals drawing in love and sexual satisfaction. It has strong attractive properties; use it to bring you luck, success, money, and all kinds of fortune. Burn as an incense, with cloves and ginger, to raise the positive spiritual vibrancies of the area and stimulate psychic powers. A cup of cinnamon tea before divination helps with clairvoyance.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Cinnamon contains cinnamaldehyde and coumarin, both potentially leading to liver and kidney damage. The amounts in C. verum are minuscule, but they are much higher in C. cassia. A teaspoon of cassia is the recommended daily limit.
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CLOVE a.
b.
Fig. 3.22 Clove a. branch in bloom with flower buds ripe for harvesting; b. dried cloves
Family Habitat Size
tropical forests, cultivation 8—12 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flower buds
Flowers Leaves
86 |
Myrtaceae | myrtles
crimson, July—October, November—January large, elliptical
Clove Syzygium aromaticum
Also known as: Gilofre. Laung.
One of the most valuable spices, used as a flavoring and medicine, especially against toothaches. Burned as incense, it brings wealth and strengthens memory.
DESCRIPTION
An evergreen tree with oblong, shiny leaves and multiple flowers gathered in terminal clusters. The flowers start pale, then turn green and crimson. When bruised, the whole plant exudes a strong, pungent aroma. The shape of the red-brown dried flower bud resembles a nail. The sweet, almost spicy, flavor of cloves is penetrating and leaves anumbing sensation in the mouth.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Throughout history, cloves have been one of the most valuable spices. Their exact price depends on the current supply and the range of cultivation. They require hot, humid, and relatively wet conditions to grow. First flowers will appear 4—6 years after sowing seeds, and a full harvest may be expected after twenty. Native to tropical climates, clove trees are thought to thrive only when they can see the ocean.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the unopened flower buds twice ayear, when their calyxes turn to bright red and reach 1.5—2 cm each. Dry them in the sunlight until they have lost two-thirds of their weight and turned dark brown. Store in an airtight container.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Cloves often accompany cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, citrus peel, star anise, and peppercorns in spice blends for desserts and savory dishes. Use them for flavoring of meats, curries, marinades, rice, and fruits. Add them to wines, spirits, and tea, or just boil dried cloves in water for a refreshing, warming beverage. If you prefer a milder flavor, use unground cloves and remove them from the dish before serving.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of cloves are much stronger than in other plants. Chewed or held in the mouth, cloves sweeten the breath and clove oil massaged into gums alleviates toothache. Eugenol contained in the oil is a larvicidal agent and may be used to fight dengue. Use cloves as a tea to control nausea and vomiting, cough, diarrhea, flatulence, and other gastrointestinal complaints. It is a gentle stimulant for the body and nerves, lowering the blood sugar and cholesterol levels. The active agent in cloves, eugenol, in high doses may cause liver damage, but an overdose is unlikely with normal use. For safety, do not use it when treating children.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use cloves whole, ground, or burned as incense. Ground cloves are combustible, and tossing them into an open fire may result in pyrotechnics (see Firestarter, p. 264). Cloves are a powerful protective herb, dissuading any kind of harm caused by ill-intentioned people. It stops gossip, spells, and intrigue aimed at you. If you know who your enemies are, take five cloves and climb a hill at midnight. Toss four cloves into the night, one by one, in four cardinal directions. Take the fifth clove home, take abath, then write down the names of people who wish you well on a piece of paper, wrap it around the fifth clove, and burn it. Clove strengthens cognitive powers and memory; it brings back things we have forgotten. Inhale the aroma of ground cloves or drink clove tea to bring on prophetic dreams and visions of the past.
| 87
CLOVER
b.
c.
d.
a. Fig. 3.23 Clover a. white clover in bloom; b. four-leaved T. repens; c. O. tetraphylla; d. wood sorrel, O. acetosella
Family Habitat Size
most ecosystems, pastures, meadows, and fields 5—15 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and flowers
Flowers Leaves
88 |
Fabaceae | legumes
white, May—September trifoliate, elliptic to egg-shaped, with light or dark markings
Clover Trifolium repens
Also known as: White Clover. Shamrock. Four-Leaf Clover. Trefoil.
A creeping, low-growing plant with easy to recognize trifoliate leaves and white flowers. It brings luck, protection, and understanding of hard truths.
DESCRIPTION
T. repens is a low-growing, creeping, herbaceous plant with trifoliate, oval leaves with light or dark markings. Long, stiff inflorescence stalks carry white heads of flowers, sometimes tinged with cream or pink. Clover has a delicate, sweet scent and is often visited by bumblebees and honey bees. The leaves and flowers are slightly sweet and with a faint vanilla-like aftertaste. A variation with heart-shaped leaves, often sold as a ‘lucky clover’, is a type of a sorrel (Oxalis tetraphylla), not clover, and carries no magical significance and no medicinal value. It is also poisonous.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Common in almost any climate, clover is often cultivated as a forage crop. As all legumes, clover has natural nitrogen-fixing properties, increasing its value for farmers and making it a cheap staple in crop rotation. It is found wild on pastures, meadows, grasslands, and lawns, where it is sometimes considered a weed.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Forage the leaves on a sunny day and dry them in partial shade or place between sheets of paper and press-dry under weights. Snip the blossoms off with a pair of scissors. Rinse them gently to remove any bugs, then pat them dry with a towel. Dry in sunlight on sheets or tie them in bundles and hang. Store in airtight containers.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Besides being an excellent crop for livestock, clover is high in protein and usually abundant, making it a right choice for human consumption when other food is
unavailable. Flowers, leaves, and roots are edible but hard to digest; boil them for 5—10 minutes to avoid stomach complaints. Dried flowers can be drunk as a tea or smoked as an alternative for tobacco.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use clover to treat intestinal worms and tapeworm infections. Drink as a tea to thin the blood and treat colds, coughs, and fevers. Use topically to clean wounds and sores, heal boils and eye ailments; cold infusion of clover flowers makes a good eyewash. Put an ointment of leaves on the joint to cure gout.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
The distinction must be made between clover, four-leafed clover, and shamrock, as each carries a different significance in magical workings. Sow clover around your property to repel snakes and drink the leaf juice to expel adder venom from the body. White flowers break hexes and bring understanding of the inevitable; they help people admit the things they refuse to believe. Carried in a piece of blue silk against the breast, clover makes one get over disappointments in love. Carry a four-leaf clover to see fairies, recognize evil spirits and people hidden under an illusion or glamor. It protects you from the evil eye, repels negativity, and brings luck in all endeavors. Even dreaming about a fourleaf clover informs of upcoming success. While commonly used as a synonym for clover, shamrock is a motif and a symbol, not a herb. It can be composed of any threeleaved plant, like heart-shaped wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella).
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COLTSFOOT
b.
a.
c. Fig. 3.24 Coltsfoot a. plant in various stages of blooming; b. flower; c. leaf
Family Habitat
cold to temperate, waysides and wastes
Size
10—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves, flowers, and root
Flowers
yellow, February—April
Leaves
90 |
Asteraceae | asters
large, with white fuzzy undersides, shaped like a horse’s hoof
Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara
Also known as: Ass’s Foot. Tash Plant. Coughwort.
A popular plant of the wastes and roadsides. It brings respite in cough and lung problems, as well as invites prophetic visions, love, and rain.
DESCRIPTION
A hardy perennial plant with an unusual lifecycle. The scaly, stiff stems appear in late winter, quickly blooming with bright yellow, dandelion-like flowers. After blooming, the plant develops puffballs with seeds. The large, cordate, toothed leaves appear only at that time and die in early summer. Stems and the undersides of the leaves are covered in greyish, felt-like hairs, and have a mild, balsamic scent.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Coltsfoot is fully hardy, growing in cold and temperate climates even in the poorest, most acidic of soils, in the wastes, by the roadsides, and between bricks or cobblestones. It spreads easily by seed and roots, requires no effort to cultivate, is self-pollinating, and can withstand maritime conditions. The biggest challenge in the cultivation of coltsfoot is to stop it from spreading all over the garden.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowers when they bloom, on adry, sunny day, and leaves after the summer solstice. Dig out the root at any time of the year. Use the plant raw or dried. For internal use, instead of the usual tea, make a decoction from the leaves by boiling them in water for 5—10 minutes to remove most of the harmful alkaloids.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat the flowerbuds and young flowers raw or cooked, but always in moderation. They have an aromatic, aniseed flavor and fit nicely in a salad. The leaves can be prepared and used similarly but they have a bitter flavor; to get rid of it, wash the leaves after boiling. Dried and burned leaves are used
as a salt substitute. Rootstock tastes best when candied in sugar syrup.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Coltsfoot, usually in the form of a leaf extract or hard candy, alleviates cough and helps in lung problems, such as bronchitis, asthma, and whooping cough. For a shortlived but quick respite in cough, dried coltsfoot can be smoked like tobacco. Use fresh leaves as a poultice for cuts, wounds, bruises, gout, and rheumatism. Due to concerns about toxicity, only use coltsfoot for short treatments, and avoid completely during pregnancy, breastfeeding and when healing children.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Burn coltsfoot as incense to bring afeeling of peace and tranquility—or to bring rainfall. To invite visions and help in divination, coltsfoot is often used in preparations with other herbs known for their psychic stimulation, like bay, dandelion, mint, mugwort, or star anise (see Oracle Syrup, p. 255). The wooly leaf hairs might also be used as a pillow stuffing for those using dream magic or trying to astrally project. Dried flowers, carried in a sachet, attract love and boost self-confidence, opening the wearer to new relationships.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Coltsfoot contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, known for the liver damage they cause. However, all reported cases of coltsfoot poisoning have been caused by different plants, misidentified as T. farfara. The lowest levels of alkaloids appear in the leaves and are almost eradicated by boiling the plant.
| 91
COMFREY
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.25 Comfrey a. plant in bloom; b. flowers; c. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate, damp grasslands 60—90 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
92 |
Boraginaceae | borages
purple to cream, June—September lanceolate-ovate, hairy
Comfrey Symphytum officinale
Also known as: Slippery-Root. Boneset. Knitbone. Bruisewort.
A favorite of healers and gardeners, comfrey is valued as a medicine for people and plants alike. It ensures safety during travel, extending that protection even to luggage.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous plant with a tendency to quickly become shrub-like. Fast-growing and resilient, comfrey carries hairy, ovate-lanceolate leaves on hairy stems. Clusters of bell-shaped flowers appear in the summer and can take any color from cream to pink to purple. Comfrey has black, fleshy, and slimy roots that can grow over a meter and a half long, mining the soil for precious minerals. It attracts pollinators, mainly bumblebees.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Comfrey favors moist grasslands and the proximity of rivers, but it might be easily cultivated in gardens if enough water and partial shade are provided. It is hardy and frost-resistant, easy to propagate by root division or seeds. Comfrey is an excellent companion plant, a source of nitrogen-rich compost, and a living mulch.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The whole plant has beneficial properties and can be harvested whole. However, multiple harvests might be collected in one season if only the aboveground parts are foraged and the roots left in peace. Use gloves when collecting leaves. Use the plant fresh or dried; for internal use, fresh leaves are the best choice.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use comfrey topically to treat wounds and bruises. Extracts, ointments, and compresses are all effective in healing bone fractures, wounds, joint inflammation, hematomas, and problems with tendons, ligaments, and muscles. If no preparations are available, wrap fresh leaves around the wound as a quick poultice, then secure in place with bandages or other plants.
Boil the leaves into a paste and spread onto muslin, then wrap around a broken limb. The glue-like paste stiffens when drying, making a lightweight cast. The main constituents responsible for comfrey’s healing power are allantoin and rosmarinic acid. Due to the toxicity of comfrey, only external application to unbroken skin can be advised, and even that for no longer than two to three weeks. The ingestion of comfrey, whether as a tea or greens, or application to open wounds are not advised.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Comfrey is the best herb to use for protection in travel. Whether you travel by foot, by carriage, or by other means, comfrey leaves and flowers carried in shoes or pockets discourage ambushes, accidents, and thefts; put them in your luggage to ensure they are not lost or stolen. Spread the Safe-Travels Paste (p. 258) on the soles of your shoes. Wrap your money or a purse in comfrey leaves for a couple of days before engaging in gambling. Use the root in money spells to attract prosperity and luck (see Success in Business, p. 267).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Comfrey contains small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which have a cumulative toxic effect on the liver. The concentration varies; it is highest in the old roots, while the young leaves contain almost none. Do not use when pre-existing liver conditions are present and do not combine with other plants containing the same alkaloids (coltsfoot, borage, ragwort). The signs of poisoning are loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
| 93
DANDELION
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.26 Dandelion a. plant in bloom; b. puffball with ripe fruits; c. single ripe fruit; d. root
Family Habitat
temperate meadows, lawns, and roadsides
Size
5—40 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
94 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow, May—October smooth with jagged margins
Dandelion Taraxacum officinale
Also known as: Puffball. Lion’s Tooth. Piss-a-Bed. Cankerwort.
A popular weed with a vast array of medicinal, culinary, and magical properties. It helps liver and kidneys, makes a great salad, aids divination, and grants wishes.
DESCRIPTION
Dandelions grow fluffy, multipetaled flowers on hollow, smooth, light stalks with a pink tint. Basal leaves are large, oblong, and with definite teeth and lobes. The plant contains sticky, white latex, staining skin with orange and yellow when dry. Flower heads turn into silvery puffballs full of tufted fruits that quickly get carried away by the wind. The fleshy taproot reaches 15—45 cm underground. Faint, sweet scent of the flowers betrays their delicately sweet flavor; the leaves grow bitter with age.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Dandelions are often treated as persistent, annoying weeds, but their multiple benefits outweigh the perceived harm to a cultivated lawn. Dandelions grow in most environments in the temperate climate, have low soil, water, and nutrition requirements. They rejuvenate damaged and compacted soil, propagate themselves easily and freely by seeds and roots, and are almost impossible to remove once present.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Pull out a whole plant or—if you want to leave the roots to regrow—cut the plant alittle below the ground level to keep the leaves attached. Use fresh or air dried. Dandelion flowers keep their color when dried.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Dandelions are edible, usually enjoyed as greens in the salad or as a beer or wine ingredient. Leaves and flower petals have a slightly bitter, peppery flavor. If cultivating for culinary use, keep the plants in the relative darkness—leaves that grow covered, with just a few holes to let some sunlight in, have milder, sweeter flavor.
Two-year old roots, when harvested in the autumn, dried and roasted, make a good coffee substitute. Dandelions are high in calcium, potassium, and vitamin A.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
One of dandelion’s common names, pissa-bed, refers to the strong diuretic effect. Unlike other herbs with similar properties, dandelion contains a high level of potassium, capable of replenishing the loss of the mineral with urine. Use teas, tinctures, or decoctions of fresh or dried roots to treat stomach and liver conditions, as well as water retention and diabetes. A paste of ground leaves helps protect the skin from Sun damage, has mild anti-inflammatory and anti-itching properties. Asyrup made of dandelion flowers and honey is a tasty and vitamin-packed cure for throat irritations, cough, and infections.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Dandelion is best known for its use in divination magic. The syrup strengthens the psychic powers and assists in summoning spirits. When the seeds are mature, think of a wish and blow the seeds off the head to send your wish far and wide; a similar spell can be used to send psychic messages to a loved one. One divination practice states that one can learn about their lifespan by blowing off the seeds; the number of the seeds left should equal the years one still gets to live. Any experiments so far have not proven this to be true. Being closely connected to the element of air, dandelion helps harness the winds; planted or buried at the northwest corner of the house, it will bring favorable winds.
| 95
DEADLY NIGHTSHADE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.27 Deadly Nightshade a. plant in bloom; b. flower; c. ripe (black) and unripe (green) berries
Family Habitat Size
shady, moist woodlands, hedgerows, and field margins in temperate climate 50—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
roots, leaves, and berries
Flowers Leaves
96 |
Solanaceae | nightshades
purplish green, June—August large, ovate, with smooth margins
Deadly Nightshade Atropa belladonna
Also known as: Belladonna. Wolf’s Berry. Dwale. Witch’s Berry.
A highly toxic and equally magical plant that can be used as medicine and poison. It brings protection and death and can be a powerful tool for both Good and Evil.
DESCRIPTION
A bushy plant with herbaceous, smooth stems tinged with pink, large purple-green flowers and ovate leaves in dull green color. Deadly nightshade grows black berries similar to cherries and quite palatable and sweet. The rest of the plant has a disagreeable odor when bruised and is bitter. Fleshy, tapering root is grey on the outside and whitish inside with a sweet flavor quickly replaced with burning, acrid aftertaste.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Deadly nightshade can grow in any type of light, from full sun to deep shade, but it prefers a calcerous, well-draining soil. Highest concentration of the alkaloids is achieved when growing the plant on south-facing slopes, in a sunny position and in light, chalky soil. While perennial, it is rather short-lived and should be kept safe from slugs, which find the stems delectable.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect berries and leaves in the summer, and root in the autumn. Wear gloves, as the toxin is absorbed through cuts or abrasions of the skin. If harvesting the root, place an offering in its place—honey, food, and water are all appropriate. Many malicious spirits tend to treat these plants as their property, and it is best to avoid them considering you a thief.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Due to toxicity, deadly nightshade should never be applied as medicine if safer options are available. It is used to dilate the pupils during eye operations, to treat peptic ulcers and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. It is an antidote to calabar bean toxin, as well as cases of mushroom or toadstool poisoning. As a strong sedative and anesthetic with
narcotic properties, it stimulates the heart and can drive the person into frenzy.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use with aconite in the Flying Ointment (p. 257). It allows for astral projection and achieving altered states of mind. Deadly nightshade is an ingredient of multiple powerful protection spells, especially those devised to retaliate against whomever and whatever plans on bringing harm to the protected individual. Several dark rituals include deadly nightshade as means of blighting an area; it is a staple of hexes, curses, and poisons. We will not provide details of such uses.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The whole plant, especially the root, is poisonous, especially at the end of the growing period. The deadly dose varies depending on the mass, alkaloid concentration, and species—while cattle and rabbits can eat belladonna without adverse effects, but it’s toxic for humans, cats, and dogs. Most reported cases set the deadly dose for children at 2—3 berries and 10—20 for adults. The active alkaloids are atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which cause dellirium and hallucinations, dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, loss of voice, dry throat, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions, in acute cases leading to death by heart attack. Experimentation with hallucinogenic properties leads to death in about 1 in 3 cases. The antidote is physostigmine—a toxin extracted from calabar bean. Active carbon and stomach cleaning are advised, as well as monitoring and treating the symptoms under professional medical care.
| 97
DOGWOOD
b.
c. a. Fig. 3.28 Dogwood a. flowering branch; b. flowers; c. berries and a leaf in autumn
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, parks androadsides 5—10 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
98 |
Cornaceae | dogwoods
yellowish-green, April—May ovate to elliptical, dark green andhairy
Dogwood Cornus florida
Also known as: Flowering Dogwood. Arrowwood. False Box.
An ornamental, flowering tree valued for its near-indestructible wood used in arrowand wand-making. It guards secrets, provides privacy, and helps illusion magic.
DESCRIPTION
A small deciduous tree, often wider than it is tall when fully mature. It grows slowly and rarely survives longer than 80 years. The trunk is covered in rough bark reminding of dry, cracked mud. Dark green leaves are whitish on the underside and covered in fine hair; they turn red-brown in the fall. The showy white or pink dogwood ‘petals’ are bracts—specialized leaves attracting the pollinators. True flowers are tiny and inconspicuous, each with four yellowish-green petals and a strong but not entirely unpleasant scent. The fruits ripen in the autumn to a bright red, yellow, or rose color and are extremely sour.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Often planted as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens, dogwood naturally grows at the edges of forests and on dry ridges. It fares best in moist, rich, acidic soil, sheltered from cold winds but not forced to endure prolonged, artificial heat. Dogwood is frost-tender and susceptible to diseases and pest pressure. Dogwood can be propagated by cuttings or seeds; each tree carries female and male flowers but it is self-incompatible.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Wood of C. florida is one of the hardest, most valued, and near-indestructible. Remove and use dead branches as soon as they appear or carefully cut living branches with a sharp knife; uneven, jagged cuts increase the probability of infection. Strip the bark and dry it, season the wood. Collect flowers and colorful bracts when fully in bloom; use fresh or air dried. Collect roots and fruits in the autumn, wash in cold water, dry, and dice or powder for later use.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use dried and powdered dogwood root to treat malaria and fevers; a tincture or filtered decoction is useful for headaches, fatigue, and prolonged diarrhea. In small doses, use as a tonic, to strengthen the body, and stimulate appetite. Bruise the fresh bracts and apply them directly to the skin for treatment of boils and wounds.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Dogwood is a protective plant, aguardian of the doorstep. It is attuned to canine magic, and like a loyal dog, it gently dissuades unwanted visitors and banishes those with malicious intentions. Carve amulets out of bark or carry the leaves in sachets for personal protection; it will quietly inform you when it is safer to step away from a person or a situation. Dogwood makes others look the other direction, protecting your privacy and secrets. Press leaves or bracts and sew them into the binding of a book or a journal to keep them safe from prying eyes; using them as bookmarks also works but to a lesser extent. Use oil of dogwood to seal secret letters; undo this seal by enveloping the letter in yarrow smoke. Use seasoned wood for arrow shafts, wands, and ceremonial daggers if your tradition stops you from using metal. Dogwood welcomes all kinds of protective, binding, illusory, and stealthy enchantments; thin strips of inner bark find themselves woven into cloaks of invisibility or ground into potions and ointments providing camouflage and inconspicuousness. Rituals and spells of illusion use dogwood as a base reagent, especially if the formula originates in fey magic.
| 99
DRAGON’S BLOOD
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.29 Dragon’s Blood a. branch with fruits; b. fruit; c. resin; d. powdered resin
Family Habitat Size
tropical rainforests 10—15 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
resin
Flowers Leaves
100 |
Areaceae | palms
yellowish, all year linear, bright green
Dragon’s Blood Daemonorops draco
Also known as: Dragon Tree. Jerang. Blume. Drago.
A blood-red resin obtained from several distinct plants. It has been used for millennia as a medicine, a magical ink or dye, and a healing and cleansing incense.
DESCRIPTION
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Daemonorops draco is an evergreen climbing palm producing a cluster of spiky, unbranched stems that wrap around surrounding vegetation. The scaly, cone-like fruits grow in clumps that can yield up to 50 kg each. The red resin covering the fruits is brittle and almost odorless and flavorless. Seasoned and burned as incense, is has asoft, sweet scent similar to amber.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Dragon’s blood is a bright red, soft resin sourced from the sap, latex, or other excretion of several plants: Daemonorops draco, Dracaena cinnabari, Dracaena draco, and Croton lechleri. As most commercially available dragon’s blood resin comes from the first of those, we will describe it in detail. Note that other types of dragon’s blood can be substituted in most cases with no adverse effects.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Dragon’s blood palm grows in tropical and subtropical rainforests, in humus-rich soil. It requires shade for its root and enough sunlight for the stems to climb. Cultivation is rare as it grows widely and abundantly in its natural habitat. In cultivation, make sure to plant both male and female trees. The legend states that all plants producing dragon’s blood resin sprouted in places where dragons fought with other giant beasts, which might explain rare cultivation success.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
To harvest, climb a nearby tree and collect the wild fruits by hand; old fruits contain more resin. For best effects, air dry the fruits, crush and screen them, then flush with hot water to make a batter. Form sticks, bars, or balls from warm resin, then grind them into powder as needed.
Use dragon’s blood externally as a wash to stop bleeding and promote wound healing, especially bed sores or pressure ulcers. It stimulates circulation and quickens tissue regeneration, speeding up the healing of fractures and sprains. Use the resin internally as a powder, for internal bleedings, chest pains, respiratory problems, and menstrual irregularities.
Dragon’s blood resin finds use in production of magic instruments and containers as a resistant and spell-binding dye and lacquer, giving wood a peculiar, mahogany-like stain and great shine. Add it to magical seals and talismans to strengthen their power, and mix it with powdered gold for a precious ink for scribing scrolls and spellbooks. A small amount of dragon’s blood added to other incenses will increase their power; the soft scent mixes well with frankincense and myrrh. Carried or burned as incense, dragon’s blood brings harmony, peace, and protection. The smoke drives away negative energy and evil spirits. Mix powdered resin with sugar and salt in a jar, cover it, and place in a secret, secured place in your house to bring peace and quiet to a noisy household. Use the resin in love and sexuality magic. Burned as incense, it entices errant lovers to return—one should burn it alone, at night, while looking outside through an open window. A stick of dragon’s blood placed under a pillow cures impotency, as long as it is caused by magic or psyche, not medical issues. Powdered and dissolved in alcohol, it is an aphrodisiac free of magical compulsion.
| 101
EDELWEISS
a.
b.
Fig. 3.30 Edelweiss a. early-season flower; b. mid-season flower with ripening seeds
Family Habitat
cold to temperate, high mountains
Size
10—20 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and bracts
Flowers Leaves
102 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow, July—September lanceolate, covered in white hairs
Edelweiss Leontopodium nivale
Also known as: Lion’s Paw. Wool Flower. Silver Star. Star of the Glacier.
A star-shaped flower growing in high mountains, a symbol of purity, commitment, and long life. Used widely in medicines and spells gifting youth and courage.
DESCRIPTION
A low-growing, clump-forming herbaceous plant with narrow, silvery green leaves covered in velvety hairs. White and grey elongated bracts surround the yellowish compound flowers, giving the flower a characteristic shape of a white star. Seeds are minuscule, resembling dandelion’s. Bitter in flavor and with a barely noticeable scent, edelweiss compensates for its shortcomings with its unique form.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Edelweiss is a rare plant growing in the high mountains and on cliff sides, 1000—3000 meters above sea level. It prefers alkaline and neutral well-draining soil, is frost- and drought-resistant, but requires full sun exposure and protection from strong winds. It can thrive even in the smallest cracks and crevices of mountainsides, but excess water kills it quickly. It is easy to propagate from seeds in a rocky garden; the flowers fade quicker than in the wild.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Edelweiss flowers are short-lived. Collect them when fully in bloom, on a dry day, after the morning dew has evaporated. The highest quality flowers grow in the places hardest to reach. Gather the flowers only when your conscience is clear and your mind at peace; otherwise, the magical properties will wane too quickly to be of any use. Edelweiss preserves well as a dried flower, retaining the silvery sheen. Air dry them hanged upside-down, then remove from stems and keep whole in an airtight container away from sunlight. Use whole or grind into powder as necessary. Use a tincture of edelweiss to infuse bandages and create salves and creams for topical use.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Edelweiss settles the stomach, helps diarrhea and dysentery, and combats tuberculosis and diptheria; mix the tincture with hot milk and honey for improved flavor. Its main medical use is in skincare. Edelweiss contains several acids, sterols, flavanoids, and other compounds that nourish and soothe the skin, and protect it from environmental stressors, including UV radiation.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Edelweiss is always a part of rituals to prolong or restore youth—it is powerful anti-aging medicine and a symbol of purity. Prepare a bath with edelweiss tincture, mixed with other ingredients as required by the ritual. Note that edelweiss will not work if used together with foul ingredients of dark magic rituals. Gather and wear an edelweiss to bolster your strength and add courage in the face of adversity. Raw flowers work only for the person who has collected them; to prepare amulets and elixirs for others, add cinnamon powder to extend the effect. Pull out the whole plant, roots included, at noon on a Friday of the full moon, then carry it wrapped in white linen to fully protect yourself against daggers and bullets. Made into a wreath and worn, edelweiss confers invisibility; use the powder to produce potions and ointments giving the same power (Invisibility Potion, p. 254). Planted in gardens and cared for, edelweiss grants the heart’s desire and strengthens the force of any wish magic ritual. As the plant requires about two hours a year of care if growing in awell-chosen location, it is one of the best investments.
| 103
ELDER
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.31 Elder a. flowering branch; b. single flower; c. single leaflet; d. ripe berries
Family Habitat Size
temperate, hedges, woods, androadsides up to 8 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers, berries, leaves, twigs, andbark
Flowers Leaves
104 |
Adoxaceae | moschatels
ivory white, May—June pinnate, with a serrated margin
Elder Sambucus nigra
Also known as: Elderberry. Black Elder. Ellanwood. Pipe Tree.
A white-blooming shrub often inhabited by goddesses and spirits. Poisonous while raw, elderberries make delicious jams, while offering protection from evil.
DESCRIPTION
A deciduous shrub or small tree growing a characteristic domed crown. The bark is light grey at first, then darkens. Young twigs are hollow. Pinnate leaves have five to seven opposite leaflets with serrated margins; their strong, pungent scent repels flies. Individual flowers are small and ivory white, gathered in big, sweet-smelling and umbel-like corymbs. Dark purple and black sweet berries appear in late autumn in drooping clusters.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Elder is a common sight in hedgerows and scrublands or cultivated in the gardens for its ornamental value. It grows well in most soils but requires lots of sunlight. The fungus often found at the base, jelly ear, is edible.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use extracts of flowers and fruits to treat cold and flu symptoms. Elder has anti-inflammatory properties, and reduces congestion and swelling of the mucous membranes. In topical application, it speeds up healing of bruises and sprains.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Elder is a sacred tree for many cultures; it is said to house spirits, goddesses, or witches. Grown near the house, it extends a protective field, guarding against robbers, bringing good luck and prosperity. Hung over doorways, it stops curses and hexes, and blesses those who cross the threshold with good intentions. Scatter the leaves over a person or a place to confer the blessing, then throw more leaves into the wind, to convey the message of protection to the world.
Collect the leaves throughout the year; for best results pick them in April, before the flowers appear. Steep them in oil and make into salves for topical use. Collect flowers when fully in bloom by cutting off whole inflorescences, letting them sit for a few hours, then removing them from the stalks with a fork. Harvest berries when ripe as whole clusters, then proceed as with the flowers. Before gathering twigs and bark, ask elder for permission and never take more than needed. Never use elderwood for burning, as the fumes are toxic, and the spirits get annoyed by such treatment.
The twigs make good wands for protection spells and rituals, and the hollow young stems chimes and musical instruments that bring forth spirits of the air and wind. Standing under elder trees at Midsummer allows one to see into the fey realm.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant contains cyanogenic glycosides causing nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea if eaten raw by humans. All parts but the flowers and ripe berries are also poisonous to other mammals. Cooking makes elderberries edible.
Berries are edible after cooking; use them in jams, jellies, soups, and chutneys. Make a cordial or a syrup from the flowerheads for a refreshing drink or a flavoring for desserts and alcoholic beverages.
Elder has the power to force another magician to release any spells or enchantments they have cast against you (see Curse-Breaking Bath, p. 265). Place the berries under your pillow if you have trouble sleeping, especially in case of recurring nightmares.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
| 105
FERN
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.32 Fern a. bracken frond; b. maidenhair frond; c. ostrich fern’s fiddlehead
Class Habitat Size
shady, moist woodlands varies between species
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
fiddleheads, fronds, sap, rhizome
Flowers
none, a single flower may appear on Midsummer
Leaves
106 |
Polypodiopsida | ferns
fronds, usually bright green
Fern various species
Also known as: True Fern. Fern’s Flower.
A class of plants with various medicinal uses and similar magical properties, bestowing luck, riches, eternal youth and health, as well as bringing forth rain.
DESCRIPTION
Ferns are a group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores, and do not produce flowers or seeds. While they come in a huge variety from a botanical point of view, their use in herbalism and herbal magic is best explained as a group.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Ferns can be found in a variety of habitats, but they mostly enjoy shaded woodlands with moist, well-draining soil enriched with lots of organic matter. Planted under deciduous trees, ferns benefit from the bed of leaves each autumn. Once established, ferns grow and propagate on their own, requiring no extra fertilization or care.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Plant ferns near the house for protection and add it to bouquets to add sincerity to the relationships in your life. Burn ferns outdoors to bring forth rain and attract water spirits. Throw dried ferns on hot coals to exorcise evil spirits and repel snakes. When carried, ferns guide you to treasures and riches, often found buried under the ferns’ cover. When wandering in the wilderness, if you find yourself at midnight in a quiet place covered in ferns, stay patient, alert, and make no noise—a spirit might appear and hand you a purse full of gold. Do not tell anybody of your treasure before you return home, else the gold will change into roaches, vipers, and dirt.
Young, unfurled fronds of some ferns—particularly ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) and bracken (Pteridium spp.)—are called fiddleheads and eaten as vegetables. Gather them early in the season, soak, cook, and serve like asparagus or leafy greens.
Fern sap, if gathered and drunk at Midsummer, brings eternal youth and luck. The same night, in only one place in the world, different each year, a fern’s flower appears. No specimen was ever collected for science, but it is said to be brilliantly white, shining like a small star. Whoever finds it should wear it against bare skin. The flower grants immortality, at-will invisibility, and access to vast riches—as long as it is kept secret. Ferns value silence; a loose tongue will make you lose everything you’ve gained.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Collect fronds when fully unfurled. Prepare infusions and salves for medicinal use or extract the oil for greater potency. Fresh or dried leaves are best for magical purposes.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Male fern’s (Dryopteris filix-mas) rhizome oil expels tapeworms, but the process is hard on the body. Maidenhair (Adiantum capillusveneris) is a remedy for coughs and asthma; as a salve, it stimulates hair growth. Bracken treats rheumatism, tuberculosis, and chest pains. Lady fern (Athyrium filis-femina) helps with fevers, blood vomiting, and prevents water breaking.
Some ferns are poisonous; make sure you know exactly which fern you are using and how. Bracken contains the carcinogenic compound ptaquiloside, leading to cancers of the digestive tract; the compound is destroyed by heat and water-soluble, so cooked or soaked bracken is mostly safe to eat. Raw, it is toxic to cattle and some insects, causing uncontrollable, repeated moulting in the latter.
| 107
FOXGLOVE
b.
a.
c. Fig. 3.33 Foxglove a. flowering stem; b. flower; c. topside and underside of the leaf
Family Habitat Size
108 |
Plantaginaceae | plantains temperate woodlands and plains 100–200 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
leaves and flowers
Flowers
purple to white, May—July
Leaves
simple, with woolly texture
Foxglove Digitalis purpurea
Also known as: Lady’s Glove. Deadman’s Bells. Fairy Weed. Witch’s Thimbles.
A common ornamental and toxic plant with bell-shaped flowers. An extract of leaves is a powerful heart medicine and a reagent in magic of life and death.
DESCRIPTION
This biennial plant forms a tight rosette of leaves at ground level in its first year, then produces a tall, flowering stem in its second. Leaves are simple, covered in gray-white hairs giving them a woolly texture. Their scent is unpleasant and flavor extremely bitter. Bell-shaped flowers are spotted inside, with colors ranging from dark purple to cream, and white. Foxglove flowers are the favorite of bees, which can be often seen climbing inside the nectar-rich flower tube.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Foxgloves frequent woodland clearings and hedges that provide them with dappled shade. They prefer acidic, well-draining soil. Plant them in spring or autumn or sow the seeds in autumn into a cold frame and plant in the spring. Once flowering, deadhead foxgloves to encourage second flowering or let them produce seeds and self-sow. In cultivation, they require very little care.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the leaves in the plant’s second year; their power is strongest when foxglove is in bloom, with two-thirds of the flowers unfurled. The air and the leaves must be completely dry at the time of picking. For medicinal use, make a tincture from fresh or dried leaves. In spellcasting, you may also use fresh or dried flowers. Use gloves when handling foxglove.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Digitalis is a popular heart medicine. It increases the activity of all kinds of muscle tissue, but mostly that of the heart. It causes a spike in blood pressure, stabilizes pulse, and strengthens contractions. The effect requires about twelve hours to
take place, so in acute cases a faster-acting compound is needed, e.g. an extract of lily of the valley. Due to its effect on the heart, foxglove is an antidote in aconite poisoning.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Plant foxglove to lure fey and fairy folk into your garden. Collect the dew from the flowers and anoint your forehead with it to see and understand the fey. A drop of the tincture lets you speak their language. The flowers and the juice are a good offering in fey-related rituals, especially when asking for favors. Smoke from burned leaves breaks fey enchantments; do not inhale it. Use the leaves to make black dye, then paint protective lines and symbols on the stone floors. It creates a strong barrier against malicious spirits and spells for as long as the dye lasts, which might be decades. Annual refreshing is advisable in often frequented areas due to wear and tear. Foxglove can raise the dead as easily as it can kill the living. It is a staple of all rituals connected with death—either causing or reversing it (Necromancer's Aid, p. 266).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
All parts of foxglove are toxic due to the presence of cardiac glycosides, digitoxin and digoxin. Symptoms of Digitalis poisoning include: low pulse rate, nausea, vomiting, uncoordinated contractions of the heart, cardiac arrest and death. Hallucinations and delirium can also occur, in later stages leading to distorted perception of colors and seeing halos or auras. Due to extremely bitter flavor, accidental poisonings by ingestion are rare; intentionally overdosing the tincture is more common.
| 109
FRANKINCENSE
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.34 Frankincense a. flowering branch; b. flower; c. resin
Family Habitat Size
hot and arid mountains 2—8 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
resin
Flowers Leaves
110 |
Burseraceae | torchwoods
yellowish, December—April compound, velvety
Frankincense Boswellia sacra
Also known as: Olibanum. Oliban. Incense.
An aromatic resin of the Boswellia tree, used as anti-inflammatory medication and a popular incense that drives out all evil and negativity and induces visions.
DESCRIPTION
A small deciduous tree with one or more trunks covered in grey, paper-like and easy to remove bark. Growing on rocks, boswellia often develops strong buttress roots to ensure stability. Dark green, composite leaves with opposite, odd-numbered leaflets are covered with fine down. Small flowers are yellowish with red centers and produce small capsules with seeds. The milky, resinous sap contained in the tree has a pleasant, woody, and spicy smell.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Boswellia trees grow in arid and hot conditions, on rocky slopes and ravines, preferably in calcerous soil. Steep, eroded cliffs where nothing else can grow are a perfect habitat for boswellia. The trees are usually harvested in the wild but can be cultivated in plantation. Note that tapping the trees for resin significantly reduces the germination rate of the seeds. Regularly inspect the trees for the presence of longhorn beetles; their larvae bore into the wood and cause extensive damage, sometimes leading to the destruction of whole plantations.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the resin when the tree is at least 8 years old, between December and May. Make a small incision on the trunk or branches, then collect the resin by hand as is slowly seeps out and coagulates in contact with air. As venomous snakes enjoy living in the branches of the tree and interrupting the harvest, make sure you are well protected against them. The most valuable frankincense is sold in large, white clumps which hold the aroma for longer than translucent or small piec-
es. Burn the resin as incense, grind into powder or make infusions, depending on yourneed.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Frankincense has strong anti-inflammatory properties. Use salves or powder to treat pain and swellings of arthritis, speed up wound healing, and improve the condition of the digestive tract, especially in inflammatory bowel diseases. Frankincense counteracts asthma, reducing the severity of symptoms like shortness of breath or wheezing by increasing the lung capacity and preventing the constriction of bronchial muscles. Chewing gum with the addition of frankincense powder helps prevent bad breath, toothaches, cavities, and mouth sores.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Burn frankincense to release powerful positive energy into the air, repelling all kinds of evil and maliciousness. Use it to strengthen exorcisms, to protect and purify an area or to consecrate and bless it (Smoke of Purification, p. 267). Teeming with the energy of the Sun, frankincense enlightens and removes doubts, bringing focus, joy, and confidence. Add the resin to sachets and include it in amulets of luck and protection. The aroma of frankincense makes it easier to connect with the spiritual realm. It relieves the stress and tension of the material plane by opening the awareness to other planes of existence. Inhale the smoke to bring focus to meditation, to clear out unnecessary thoughts, to induce visions and help visualization. An oil of frankincense mixed with sandalwood and cedarwood prepares for spiritual journeys, providing protection and a trail to guide you back home.
| 111
FUMITORY
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.35 Fumitory a. flowering stem; b. flowers; c. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate fields, shores and wastes 20—30 cm
Life cycle
annual
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
112 |
Papaveraceae | poppies
pink, April—October composite, with lanceolate leaflets
Fumitory Fumaria officinalis
Also known as: Earth Smoke. Beggary. Wax Dolls. Vapor.
A smoky, hard to spot shrub bringing abundance, prosperity, and wealth. It eliminates toxic elements from organs and exorcises malicious spirits.
DESCRIPTION
A low-growing, weakly shrub with partially erect, abundantly branching stems. Bluegrey foliage gives the plant the appearance of light smoke rising from the earth, especially on misty, dewy mornings. Growing on spikes in counts of 20—60, pink flowers are tinged with purple and translucent, adding to the smoke-like visage. The plant has little odor; the leaves taste bitter and saline.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Fumitory is a common herb, sometimes considered a weed, growing abundantly in temperate climate on meadows, wastes, fields or in ditches. It tolerates frost and prefers lighter soils but does not require much effort to cultivate, being self-pollinating and setting every seed. Several accounts mention fumitory propagating by smoke alone, rising from the ground as grey vapor and materializing in full bloom.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Though popular, fumitory can be hard to spot between other plants, so it is best to gather it if and when you find it other than walk around in hopes of finding it. Harvest it as it starts blooming, cutting down the whole stems. Use fresh or dried in decoctions, infusions, or tinctures, especially mixed with wine. If no fire is available, squeeze the juice from stems and leaves; it is weaker than other preparations, so increase the dose appropriately. Note that the vapor produced by juice extraction causes the eyes to tear up just like heavy, acrid smoke would.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Add fresh or dried herb to sour milk, a few sprays to each litre of liquid, then remove
after the milk has soured thickly. It gives a tangy flavor to the milk, preserves it, and prevents rancidity.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Fumitory has a tonic and blood cleansing effect on the body. It clears visceral obstructions, especially those in the liver, as well as skin diseases like eczema or leprosy (applied internally or externally). As a weak diuretic and laxative, it helps the body expel harmful substances by regulating bile flow. Dried herb, smoked like tobacco, eases headaches and migraines.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Fumitory is one of the strongest herbs used in exorcisms. Fresh or dried herb thrown into the fire creates a potent smoke that forcibly removes evil spirits. To strengthen the effect, mix it with rue and myrrh. It has control over growth and prosperity, attracting wealth, economic growth, and stability. Sprinkle an infusion of fumitory around the house to bless it with abundance and rub some into your shoes once a week (preferably on Wednesday) to draw money to you quickly. Carry dried herb in asachet when establishing a new business or dealing with financial institutions.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Taken internally for a prolonged time (more than two weeks) and in high doses, fumitory causes trembling, convulsions, and death though paralysis of the respiratory system. Avoid it if the patient is prone to fits or epileptic. The highest concentration of toxins is in the stems. Keep ingestion to the minimum and contact aprofessional if you notice any side effects.
| 113
GALBANUM
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.36 Galbanum a. flowering umbel; b. single flower; c. leaf
Family Habitat Size
arid, sunny highlands and mountains 1—3 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
resin
Flowers Leaves
114 |
Apiaceae | celeries
yellowish-green, May—June finely divided
Galbanum Ferula gummosa
Also known as: Giant Fennel. Green Resin. Feshook.
An aromatic resin with a musky, green scent that stimulates creativity, brings hope, and strengthens connections to the higher realms in divination.
DESCRIPTION
A tall shrub with stout, hollow, and succulent stems, similar to other celeries. Tripinnate, or more divided, leaves grow near the ground, and the flowering stems reach high above them, topped with heavy, large umbels of yellow-green flowers. Galbanum, the sticky oleo-gum-resin, occurs in irregular translucent and shining lumps or in separate tears of brown, greenish or yellowish color. When cold, the mass has the consistence of firm wax; when warm, it becomes soft and sticky. Galbanum has a bitter, disagreeable celery-like flavor and a musky, intensely green scent used in minuscule doses in perfumes and food flavorings.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A progressively rare species, F. gummosa grows natively on the slopes of arid mountains and on sunny plateaus and steppes. It requires well-draining soil, but is not picky about other conditions; however, it cannot tolerate disturbance to the taproot or constant shade. It is self-fertile, pollinated by flies, and easily propagated by seeds.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Remove soil from around the top of the root. Make an incision in the root or the bottom of the stem and gather the slowly-seeping, tar-like resin. Air dry or boil to harden the resin and remove the stickiness. Prepare an essential oil through steam distillation. When buying galbanum, the best tears are about the size of a hazelnut and with pale exterior. Break one in half and look for clear white inside. Keep it in closed containers and in large lumps to preserve the aroma, then tear, cut or grind into smaller pieces as necessary. Ready-bought oil is often adulterated with cheaper pine oil.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Galbanum is a stimulant and expectorant in chronic bronchitis. It relieves the respiratory system by opening the air passages. Applied to the skin, it is an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, and makes the skin firmer and smoother, protecting it from aging. Apply the resin directly to wounds and abrasions as a natural plaster to hasten the healing process. As many other celeries, galbanum aids digestion and relieves flatulence and colic. Use it in powder or tablet form as a painkiller and an antispasmodic, bringing quick relief when muscle relaxation is needed.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Galbanum incense opens up the mind to new and bigger possibilities. It stimulates creativity and problem-solving, removing the internal blockades stopping one from unlocking their potential. The scent brings hope—use galbanum in spells and potions aiming to remove fear and to overcome challenges (Elixir of Heroes, p. 256). Add a few drops of essential oil or water extract to a scrying bowl to enhance divinations. It strengthens the link in communication with angels, spirits, and gods, protecting it from random disturbances, but putting no compulsion on either side. Mixed with frankincense and balsam and burned, it allows one to contact their guardian angel or other personal spiritual protector. A water extract of galbanum protects items, especially made of metal, from acid and corrosion—a light coating is enough to keep the weapons and equipment safe from anything from acid rain to creatures and spirits using corrosive powers.
| 115
GARLIC
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.37 Garlic a. flowering stem; b. bulb and cloves; c. peeled cloves
Family Habitat Size
cultivated in most climates 30—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
116 |
Amaryllidaceae | amarylises
pink to purple, July—September flat, linear, with acute apex
Garlic Allium sativum
Also known as: Cultivated Garlic. Stinkweed. Stinking Rose. Silverskin.
A popular ingredient in various cuisines and a staple of protective spells and rituals, especially effective against vampires, mosquitoes, and other blood-suckers.
DESCRIPTION
A white or pink bulb growing up to 6 cm in diameter, producing tall flowering stalks and long, narrow leaves, similar to onions and leeks. Balls of tiny flowers range from pink to purple and attract bees and other pollinating insects. Garlic has a strong, pungent scent and sharp flavor, mellowing under the effect of heat.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Incredibly rare in the wild (unlike wild garlic, A. ursinum), garlic is cultivated in most climates and is most often found in garden beds, supporting the growth of carrots, beets, chamomile, and roses. It stunts the growth of legumes; do not plant it near peas, beans, or alfalfa. Garlic is frost-resistant and thrives in most soils, but requires a lot of sun and well-draining soil; it will rot if overwatered. The plant is a hermaphrodite but most cultivars are sterile; propagate it by planting cloves in late autumn for a late spring or early summer crop.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Pull the whole plant out of the ground, clean, use fresh or store for future use. If harvesting a huge quantity, weave the soft leaves of several plants together into a braid for easy storage. For preparations, peel the dry skin off the cloves, then use them whole, chop or mince them, or squeeze out the juice.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Save for the roots, the whole plant is edible and extremely popular in cuisines all around the world. Use the bulb raw, cooked, or roasted after peeling off the paper-like covering of the cloves. As it has a very strong flavor, even a small quantity affects the flavor of the dish. Eat the leaves, raw or cooked,
in salads or stir-fries; they have a milder flavor than the bulbs. The flowering stems and sprouted seeds are a good addition to salads and vegetable dishes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Garlic contains a combination of active substances bringing a plethora of curative effects, if one does not mind the side effect of bad breath and body odor. It strengthens the immune system, is antibacterial and antifungal, and has a proven effect in treatment of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, liver problems, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and others. As garlic affects the coagulation of blood, avoid using it with anticlotting medication.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
One of the most protective herbs available, garlic’s powers include: absorbing diseases (rub a fresh clove on afflicted body part, then throw the clove into running water), guarding against storms and bad weather (carried aboard ships), repelling thieves and robbers (braids hung over the thresholds and windows), exorcising malicious spirits (eaten or sprinkled as powder in the area), and keeping evil at bay (from blood-sucking insects to vampires and other monsters to annoying coworkers and unwanted suitors). Garlic strengthens the body and spirit, adds physical prowess and mental resilience, bestows courage in battle, enhances speed and endurance, and if used as an oil on aweapon, it empowers them against dark forces. Hundreds of spells, rituals and preparations use garlic in some shape or form, usually for the protective properties; use in capsules if the flavor repels you.
| 117
GERANIUM
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.38 Geranium a. flowering branch; b. white cultivar; c. pink cultivar
Family Habitat Size
temperate to tropical, cultivated 40—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves, flowers, and roots
Flowers Leaves
118 |
Geraniaceae | geraniums
red to white, August—January velvety, deeply incised
Geranium Pelargonium graveolens
Also known as: Pelargonium. Stork’s-Bill. Rose Geranium.
An ornamental plant cultivated in gardens and indoor pots. It cures the respiratory system, informs about approaching visitors, and stops unwanted love spells.
DESCRIPTION
An erect, multi-branched shrub with velvety, deeply incised leaves covered in fine hairs. The flowers vary between cultivars and range from red to white, with pink being the most prevalent. The leaves carry apowerful, pleasant scent—usually similar to rose, but some cultivars smell of citrus, mint, cinnamon, and various fruits.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Geranium is native to hot, subtropical climates but survives a whole year in temperate zones as long as it is protected from frost. An evergreen shrub, it inhabits mountainous, moist slopes and fares surprisingly well as an indoor potted plant. It requires a sunny exposition, and well-draining neutral to alkaline soil. Geranium does not mind pruning—as long as the roots stay intact, the whole plant may be cut to the ground and will resprout quickly.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Extract an oil or absolute from geranium leaves for aromatherapy and spellwork. Use leaves or flowers for magical rituals and root extract as medicine.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible. Use the oil or fresh parts as dessert flavoring and decoration; candied flowers are a valued garnish on cakes and puddings. Depending on the scent, geranium may be used in a variety of dishes. P. graveolens oil is a relatively cheap substitute for rose oil.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use geranium for intestinal problems, wounds, and respiratory ailments, mostly as an astringent. It controls bleeding, im-
proves circulation, reduces inflammation, and cures acne and eczema. The oil is agentle relaxant, bringing respite in nervous exhaustion, anxiety, and depression. Use it internally in treatment of pre-menstrual and menopausal problems.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Geranium is widely used in love magic as protection against unwanted advances, including supernatural ones. Wear awreath or carry dried flowers in a sachet to counteract any spells or rituals of love and desire headed your way; mix with lotus, nettle, and moonwort for a quick-acting antidote to love philters (p. 256). White geranium flowers bring fertility; add them to incense mixes during parenthood and childbirth rituals. Plant geranium in or around your home as an alarm system for visitors—the flower heads turn towards an approaching person, which is especially useful if somebody is circling your house, looking for entrances. If the visitor has no bad intentions towards the house and its inhabitants, the scent of geranium will put them at ease; if they plan any mischief, it causes noticeable discomfort and nervousness. The plant brings balance of emotions and energies, helps move past indecision and anxiety, releases pent-up anger, and puts an end to any unnaturally heightened feelings like berserker’s rage or magically-induced fear and despair. Geraniums carry the magical properties of herbs after which they are scented; they can substitute for them in magical works, e.g. cultivar ‘Cinnamon Rose’ works in spells exactly the same way as cinnamon.
| 119
GINGER
b.
a. c.
Fig. 3.39 Ginger a. leaves and flowering stem; b. rhizome; c. freshly cut rhizome
Family Habitat Size
warm to subtropical, cultivated 80—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
rhizome
Flowers Leaves
120 |
Zingiberaceae | gingers
yellow with purple, June—August narrow, lanceolate
Ginger Zingiber officinale
Also known as: —
A valued and popular spice, heating up anything from digestive tracts to personal courage, powers of spellcasting, and passion in long-term relationship.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous perennial plant growing annual green pseudostems covered in long and narrow leafblades. Flowering stems grow separately from the rhizome and produce inflorescences of yellow flowers with purple edges. They carry an aromatic, characteristic scent. Plump, chunky, lightbrown rhizomes are the most valuable part of the plant. Its strong, fresh scent and hot, spicy flavor make it a core ingredient in amultitude ofdishes.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Ginger does not grow outside of cultivation; its wild progenitor is, as of yet, unknown. It requires warm climates with high humidity and moist soil. Mulch thickly and keep the ground fertile for best results. Plant it in late winter or very early spring in a place with plenty of light but no direct light. Ginger flowers after two years.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the rhizomes in the autumn, once all the leaves have died down, about eight to ten months from planting. If necessary, you can harvest small parts of the growing rhizome once it is about four months old, but this immature ginger is much less potent in flavor and magical and medicinal properties. Pull up the whole plant, break rhizomes into chunks, and replant part of them for next year’s harvest. Store ginger unpeeled, candied, dried, preserved in brandy, or thinly peeled, chopped, and frozen.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat young rhizomes as vegetables, candied or preserved in syrup. Older pieces, dried and powdered, are a spice used in gingerbreads, biscuits, soups, roasts, pickles,
desserts, sodas, and coffee. Use ginger to produce non-alcoholic ginger ale or hard drinks like wine and mead.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Ginger is a warm, soothing, and stimulating tonic for the digestive tract. It increases saliva and appetite, while reducing cramping and gas. As a painkiller with anti-inflammatory properties, it treats stomach problems and toothache, as well as combats bad breath by disinfecting the mouth—especially as hot tea. It helps with colds, cough, and bronchitis. It combats nausea caused by medication, digestive issues, motion sickness, or morning sickness.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A powerful tool in each herbalist’s arsenal, ginger strengthens and empowers other spells, working as a catalyst and an accelerator. Eat a piece of rhizome (fresh or candied) before spellwork to gain its power, increase your confidence and stir up courage and conviction necessary for success. The most powerful for this purpose is a ginger rhizome shaped like a human body. If you are not fond of the spicy flavor, spit chewed ginger at an oncoming storm to halt it. Plant ginger to attract money and prosperity to your home. Carry some sprinkled in your pockets to increase your income and decrease unnecessary spending. Use ginger in success rituals or to ensure the success of amagical operation. Use ginger in spells and rituals connected to love, desire, and attraction, especially as a magical aphrodisiac to bring the ‘heat’ of ginger into an existing relationship and rekindle the passion.
| 121
GINSENG
b.
a. c.
Fig. 3.40 Ginseng a. above ground plant; b. fresh root; c. dried root
Family Habitat Size
temperate mountains 60—80 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
root
Flowers Leaves
122 |
Araliaceae | aralias
greenish white, June-July compound, with three or five leaflets
Ginseng Panax ginseng
Also known as: Human Root. Wonder of the World.
Grown for its human-shaped roots, ginseng is a powerful medicine and a magical reagent, bringing clarity of mind, causing sexual desires, and fulfilling wishes.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial plant growing just one leaf in its first year, later producing a single stem with three or more compound leaves surrounding an umbel of tiny, greenish-white flowers. After several years, ginseng begins producing shiny red berries and develops abasal rosette of leaves. The root is white or cream, gnarly, and vaguely human-shaped, splitting into two or three ‘legs.’ The roots with a third ‘appendage’ are most valued as an aphrodisiac and a reagent in sexual magic. The whole plant is edible, but the berries are tart and flavorless, and raw leaves resemble bitter radishes in flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Ginseng is a slow-growing plant, requiring several years of cultivation before the first harvest. It fares best in temperate zones, in the full shade of a mountainous forest, and in moist, humus-rich soil. It can survive heavy frosts but requires protection from overwatering if winter is warm and wet.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Depending on the time of harvest, P. ginseng yields three types of root: fresh (harvested before 4 years), white (between 4—6 years) or red (after 6 years). The older the root, the higher the concentration of ginsenosides and gintonin, compounds causing the medicinal and magical effects of the plant.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat the root raw or add it sliced to a soup and let it simmer for a couple hours until soft. Steam the leaves and serve with chicken or mixed with ginger, dates, and pork. Use the berry juice with honey as a syrup. Both leaves and berries are edible raw, but their flavor is much improved by cooking.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use ginseng to promote longevity and vigor, combat viral infections, and protect the organism against colds and flu by strengthening the immune system. It reduces blood levels of cholesterol and sugar, relaxes the muscles in the lungs, and brings respite in asthma attacks. Ginseng tea relaxes and stimulates the nervous system, promotes blood circulation, and in some cases, combats erectile dysfunction.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Drink tea to bring clarity of mind, sharpening the senses and cognition, enhance memory and spatial awareness. Taken before magical studies, ginseng aids information processing and retention, making it a tool of choice for many apprentice magicians and witches (Deep Focus, p. 266). The tea is also a powerful tool for inducing lust and ensure sexual potency. If used against one’s will, geranium will break the charm. Make sure to infuse the brew with your intentions to evoke the correct magical properties. Hold ginseng in your hands and carve or visualize your wish into the root, then throw it into running water to bring quick fulfillment. It is most potent when wishes include matters of health, longevity, mental acuity, and love; for other areas, an addition of other components is advised. Carry ginseng in a pink or red sachet to attract love and beauty, preferably together with a lock of your hair and a heart-shaped piece of sun-dried lemon peel. Burn the dried root to ward off spirits and break hexes and curses.
| 123
HAWKWEED
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.41 Hawkweed a. flowering plant with a runner; b. flower; c. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate fields and roadsides 20—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
124 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow, May—September rosette with glandular hairs
Hawkweed Pilosella officinarum
Also known as: Mouse-Ear. Nail Weed.
A pyschoactive plant, bringing deep relaxation when smoked. Used to sharpen and enchant blades, extract precious minerals, and multiply wealth.
DESCRIPTION
A small perennial plant, growing a dense rosette of hairy, elongated, entire leaves resembling mouse ears and golden yellow, dandelion-like flowers. Hawkweed produces many stolons covered in tiny leaves and planting themselves up to 30 centimeters away from the mother plant. Mats of hawkweed are often surrounded by an area of barren ground and dry grass, as the plant drains the soil of nutrients. P. officinarum has a lot of morphological varieties and crosses easily with other hawkweeds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A pioneer plant, hawkweed prefers sandy, nitrogen-poor soils in full sun. It propagates itself easily through seeds and offshoots, spreading in mats and often taking over the area and destroying other plants in the process through the use of secondary metabolites (allelopathy). The cultivation of hawkweed is more a matter of containment than care. The plant is frost- and drought-resistant, self-fertile, and able to mine for minerals deep in the soil. For strongest magical properties, sow the seeds on winter solstice.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the aboveground parts of the herb in May and June, in full bloom, and air dry. Make infusions from the whole plant and serve it with honey as it is very bitter. Tie the dry herb into bundles or strip the petals to add them to incense mixes. Fresh or dried, hawkweed has the same strength in magic. If necessary, other species of hawkweeds may be substituted for similar effect.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The main active ingredient of hawkweed is umbelliferone, a known UV blocker and
an antibiotic against diseases caused by consumption of raw milk or undercooked meat from animals infected with brucellosis. A potent diuretic, hawkweed cleans the kidneys and helps pass kidney stones. Use it in all affections of the lungs as a gentle expectorant, especially in whooping cough. A strong decoction, applied internally or externally, helps with haemorrhoids, just like a poultice of leaves boiled in milk. Hawkweed is a psychoactive herb; dried flowers, smoked in joints, brings mild euphoria and a deep state of relaxation.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Cover a blade with fresh hawkweed juice to sharpen it; a single coating is enough to make the blade cut through stone as easily as through wood. The juice is also a convenient carrier for enchantments, often sought-after by bladesmiths. Natural soil-draining properties of hawkweed make it a part of rituals and spells claiming minerals and metals from the bowels of earth in magic-assisted mining. Similarly to moonwort, hawkweed gathers a precious metal from the soil—gold in this case—and stores it in the shoots, from where it can be extracted. For best results go at noon on Midsummer to dig up the plant using a gold coin; hawkweeds growing on gallows hills are most abundant. Burn hawkweed and inhale the smoke to enhance perception and sharpen the vision of clairvoyance and during astral travels. It also brings hawk-like vision on the material plane and is often used by shepherds. For reasons yet unknown, the abundance of hawkweed spells death to sheep herds.
| 125
HAWTHORN
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.42 Hawthorn a. branch with ripe fruits; b. flower; c. leaf and thorn
Family Habitat Size
temperate fields and hedges 5—15 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
twigs, flowers, and fruits
Flowers Leaves
126 |
Rosaceae | roses
white, May—June pinnately lobed
Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna
Also known as: Maybush. Quickthorn. Haw. Motherdie.
A white-blooming tree with edible berries, often housing portals for fey realms. They bring luck to newlyweds and help create healthy boundaries in life.
DESCRIPTION
A tree or a tall shrub with a branching, dense crown. Brown-grey bark is fissured and thinner on the slender branches, twigs covered in thorns. Deeply lobed leaves turn to yellow and red in autumn. Hawthorn produces multiple white or pale pink hermaphroditic flowers with a strong aroma. Ripe berry-like pomes, called haws, are red, glossy, tasting like overripe apples or avocados. They stay on the branches long into winter, providing food to birds and mammals. They can live up to 400 years, and even the young ones look old and gnarled.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Hawthorn often grows as a border tree, marking hedges and boundaries, not only on the physical plane, but other realms as well. Its multiple species and cultivars cross easily and naturally, creating a huge variety of hawthorns, but their properties stay similar enough to substitute one for another. As long as hawthorn gets its sunlight and nothing sets out with the sole purpose of its destruction, it grows strong without external help.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For culinary uses, collect the fruits just after they ripen; preferably after the first frost, but if it doesn’t come fast enough, they are tastier and safer before they become overripe. Do not cut any branches of the tree unless you’ve received the permission of the fey folk or the tree itself—pruning might damage the gate.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Gather young leaves and flowers in the spring for a raw trail-side snack or a salad additive. Harvest berries and boil them,
mash and sieve to prepare dried leather for a vitamin-packed trail ration or let the pulp set into jelly. Use haws to make jams, vinegars, cordials, juices, tea, or wine. The natural flavor is sometimes unpleasant; we advise addition of sugar, spice, or other fruits.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Hawthorn extract is one of the strongest plant-based medicines for the health of the heart, strengthening it against the usual weakening of age, lowering blood pressure, and protecting the heart before and after any heart attack. It is neither toxic, nor addictive or cumulative, making it one of the safest long-term medicinal plants available.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Hawthorns often house gates and portals to other worlds, especially to the fey realms. Their power is strongest during the May and flower festivals, when hawthorns are in bloom. They bestow luck on brides, and the dew collected from the flowers brings eternal beauty if used as a face wash. Thorns of the tree help create boundaries in life; hawthorns are a symbol of untamed wilds that ensnare and capture those trying to force their way through the thorns. Use it in protection magic, especially if you’re more in need of counterattack than a simple repelling (Powder of Protection, p. 259).
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The seeds of hawthorn contain cyanide bonded with sugar, called amygdalin. An adult will survive eating several of them, but keep them away from children. Old leaves and flowers also carry smaller amounts of amydgalin—if it smells like almonds when crushed, do not eat it.
| 127
HEAL-ALL
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.43 Heal-All a. blooming stem; b. flower; c. leaf; d. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate roadsides, gardens, and woodland edges 5—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
128 |
Lamiaceae | mints
purple and white, June—September lanceolate, serrated
Heal-All Prunella vulgaris
Also known as: Self-Heal. Woundwort. Heart-of-the-Earth.
A common mint-like herb with a multitude of healing properties, both medicinal and magical. It sharpens the powers of observation and cures earthly ailments.
DESCRIPTION
A small herb creating dense ground cover. Flexible, square, reddish stems branch at leaf axis, sprouting lance-shaped, serrate and slightly hairy leaves; they are similar to mint leaves, but with reddish tips. The flowers grow in a clublike cluster, creating rageddy-looking inflorescences as some flowers start wilting before others even open. Each flower has two lobes; the top one is usually blue-purple, and the bottom one spotted with white. The plant has a delicate, minty flavor. Unlike other mints, heal-all has no odor, even when crushed.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Heal-all prefers moist habitats but is not picky. It grows easily and abundantly in gardens, meadows, fields, by roadsides and on woodland edges, not minding getting disturbed, grazed upon, or pruned. It thrives in the wild and is best left to its own devices even when cultivated. After blooming, cut it short to encourage future growth.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather the flowering heads and any leaves below them. The best time for it is when at least one third of the flowers are in bloom, and no more than a quarter of them are already wilted and brown. Use fresh or dry at low temperature, as the constituents of heal-all are unstable and quickly deteriorate in heat. For most uses, prepare a strong infusion and drink as a tea up to three times a day.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible both raw and cooked, serving as an addition to salads, soups, stews, or boiled as a potherb. A cold infusion makes a refreshing everyday drink.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
As most of the names of the herb suggest, heal-all has a multitude of positive effects on human physiology. It contains vitamins, flavanoids, tannins, and acids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. An infusion mixed with honey is a strengthening tonic, good for sore throat and ulcerated mouth. It helps in cases of diabetes, gout, joint and muscle aches, cramps, and convulsions. It protects blood vessels and has antiviral effects, specifically when fighting influenza and herpes (HSV) replication. Heal-all helps the liver, speeding up the removal of toxins, relieves dizziness and headaches. The wash eases eyestrain and reduces redness and swelling.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Due to its medicinal properties, some cultures treat heal-all as a holy herb and agift from the gods. Use it in all kinds of spells, rituals, and amulets of healing magic, whether for curing and driving away diseases or protecting health and well-being. Add it to ointments and salves for an easy application or burn in candles. The healing properties of heal-all stretch to the spiritual realm, helping people grow and restore hope where it was lost. The power of driving away diseases and malicious intent finds another, less obvious use. When grown in the garden, the plant repels dark forces and hides the owner from spying eyes. Several dark magicians were known to hide in this way from their enemies while posing as benevolent local healers and herbalists.
| 129
HEATHER
b.
a.
c. Fig. 3.44 Heather a. flowering branch; b. flower; c. young leaves
Family Habitat Size
temperate acidic moors and woods 20—50 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowering stems
Flowers Leaves
130 |
Ericaceae | heathers
mauve to white, July—November small scale-leaves
Heather Calluna vulgaris
Also known as: Ling. Heath. Froach. Common Heather.
A popular low-growing herb of woodlands and moors, bringing luck, protection, and a chance to reach immortality through the understanding of spiritual realms.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial dwarf shrub growing rigid, many-branching stems. Small, green scaleleaves are borne in opposite pairs and cover most of the stems. Flowers are usually pink, mauve, or purple, with much rarer white variations. The scent is woody and soft, but very faint and quickly dissipating.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Heather grows abundantly in acidic soils of light-filled woodlands, clearings, bogs, sandy areas, on rocks and fells. It spreads easily, creating vast heathlands and moorlands in temperate regions. It cannot grow in shade, but is particularly fond of forest fires, which keep its habitat open and help the seeds germinate. The rootstock recovers quickly if damaged by fire, frost, or drought; as long as the basal part of the stem survives, the shoots resprout easily, making each plant extremely resistant to any natural danger. Pollinated both by insects and wind, it attracts bees, butterflies, and other animals, preyed upon by pink, white, yellow, and green heather spiders (Thomistus onustus).
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowering tops when fully in bloom, at the end of the summer. Most popular purple flowers are best for medicinal use, but the strongest protective properties are carried by white-blooming heather, one that found itself unable to produce purple anthocyanins. Air dry heather in the shade; the flowers keep well for months or even years if kept safe from moisture. Use fresh or dried, depending on availability.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Dark, aromatic, and jelly-like heather honey carries the same medicinal and magical
properties as the herb, but its powerful flavor makes it more suited as a dessert than a simple substitute for honey. Brewers also use heather to flavor herbal beers.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use heather tea for kidney and urinary tract conditions, as well as breathing problems, colds, coughs, and insomnia. Add to a bath to fasten treating wounds; put dried heather in a piece of gauze or cheesecloth to avoid any pieces of the herb sticking to the wound. Externally, apply the warm infusion to skin lesions, punctures, and eczemas. Use as mouthwash in case of tooth pain or bleeding and inflammation of the gums.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Heather protects from violent crimes when carried; white flowers are most powerful. Worn or used as house decoration, it brings luck. Add it to a wedding bouquet to bestow blessing upon the newlyweds. Make brooms from dried heather for sweeping and purifying rituals in your home. Burn heather with ferns outside to bring forth rain. To increase beauty, take a candlelit heather bath each full moon for a year; some sources claim that the vanity magic comes at a price. Heather’s resilience brings us closer to immortality (Elixir of Life, p. 256). Use it to conjure ghosts and allow them to guide you on initiatory paths to understand the spiritual realms. Carry an amulet made of wood or drink the tea daily to prolong natural life and help your spirit connect with the immortal truth of the universe. Use heather during harvest celebrations in the late summer and the rituals of waxing light at the first sight of spring.
| 131
HEMLOCK
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.45 Hemlock a. flowering stem and leaf; b. flowers; c. cut stem; d. root
Family Habitat Size
temperate ditches, riverbanks, roadsides, and wastes 100—250 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
juice, leaves, and fruits
Flowers Leaves
132 |
Apiaceae | celeries
white, June—August pinnate, lacy, triangular
Hemlock Conium maculatum
Also known as: Poison Hemlock. Devil’s Bread. Warlock’s Weed. Poison Parsley.
A highly poisonous biennial plant, used as a popular toxin. In magical practice, hemlock serves to consecrate ritual tools, instruments, and weapons.
DESCRIPTION
A tall herbaceous plant growing smooth, green, hollow stems, usually spotted (as per the name, maculatum) or streaked with purple on the lower half. The leaves are lacy, finely divided, and triangular in shape, also hairless. Small white flowers are collected in umbels up to 15 cm across. Whitish root is often empty inside. The leaves and roots are similar to common parsley, but their flavor is bitter and odor disagreeable, especially in hot weather; it resembles mouse urine. When fully grown, hemlock may be mistaken for wild carrot; however, the carrot has a hairy stem without any spots.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Hemlock grows abundantly in most temperate zones, especially in warmer parts. It enjoys the proximity of water, growing on riverbanks, near streams, on roadsides, wastes, and the edges of cultivated fields, as long as the soil is rich in nitrogen. Cultivating hemlock requires no effort, and the seed can survive decades or even centuries, sometimes sprouting in places where nobody can remember it ever growing. Control the spread of the plant with poison hemlock moths (Agonopterix alstroemeriana); the toxicity benefits the moths, helping the females with oviposition, while the leaves provide shelter to the caterpillars.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The plant is at its highest power in the spring, especially on cold mornings. Fresh juice loses its properties quickly due to volatility of alkaloids; a tincture will last acouple of years. Leaves and fruits are easy to dry and store for later use.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Hemlock has narcotic properties that relieve nervous excitation and give rest. Minute doses were used in the past to cure such ailments. The practice was mostly abandoned due to the high toxicity. A poultice of hemlock reins in sexual desire; the effect might be connected with the repulsive odor of the plant. Again, this method is rarely practiced by responsible herbalists.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Hemlock is a herb of magical consecration. Use fresh juice or a tincture to prepare tools and instruments for a ritual, and to bless weapons before a battle. The power of hemlock is the raw, dark energy that can reach across the abyss, allowing one to vie for immortality or to banish spirits to the lower realms. A powerful hexing agent, hemlock will reverse the properties of any beneficial oil or elixir, turning them vile and harmful. While the plant itself is incapable of being evil, it has properties easily exploited by a magician or alchemist with malicious intentions.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
No part of hemlock should ever be ingested. The whole plant (especially roots and seeds) contains volatile alkaloids, mostly coniine, acting directly on the central nervous system. Even a small dose (ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin) can easily result in vertigo, respiratory collapse, acute kidney failure, and death. There is no antidote; remove as much of the plant material as possible and apply artificial ventilation for 48—72 hours after poisoning. Some sources state that frankincense is an antidote for hemlock poisoning, but evidence is yet to befound.
| 133
HOLLY
b.
c.
a.
d. Fig. 3.46 Holly a. sprig with ripe fruits; b. female flower; c. male flower; d. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate forests, cliffs, and mountain gorges up to 10 m, usually 2—3 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
wood, leaves, and fruits
Flowers
small and whitish, May
Leaves
134 |
Aquifoliaceae | hollies
glossy, leathery, with sharp spines
Holly Ilex aquifolium
Also known as: Common Holly. Holy Tree. Bat’s Wings. Evergreen Oak.
An evergreen tree with spiny leaves and red berries, particularly valued during the winter solstice. It protects from witchcraft, lightning, and wild animals.
DESCRIPTION
A slow-growing evergreen tree or shrub, growing a straight trunk and a pyramidal crown. For ornamental purposes, it is often cut to a smaller size. Leathery, dark green leaves on the lower branches have spines to dissuade grazing animals; leaves on upper branches do not need this protection. Holly is dioecious, with male and female plants looking exactly the same until blooming. Male flowers are small and yellowish, while female are white or pinkish. The red, glossy drupes appear only on the female trees fertilized by the nearby male trees and mature in October and November; they are rarely foraged by animals until frost renders them tender and less bitter.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Holly thrives in moist, shady oak and beech forests, but it can survive even a full-sun exposition as an ornamental hedge. In deep woodlands, it creates dense, labyrinthine thickets providing food and shelter to a plethora of birds, small mammals, and insects. The flowers produce an abundance of sweet-smelling nectar and attract bees, moths, butterflies, and other pollinators. Holly adapts easily to various conditions and is a pioneer species, slowly repopulating the forests after cuts and fires.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
To prolong the plant’s life, prune and forage wood in the early spring. Smaller cuts may be made during the year. Dry and season the wood thoroughly due to high moisture retention. The dense, sturdy and white wood takes dye easily and makes great musical instruments and wands. Gather leaves and fruit as necessary and dry the whole twigs; they keep both the shape and color.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Holly is rarely used in modern herbalism. The fresh fruits have a strong and almost instantaneous emetic and purgative effect, useful if you need to quickly empty a stomach. An infusion of dry leaves lowers fevers, and a powder of them applied to a wound will stop bleeding. To mend broken bones and sprains, apply a poultice of fresh leaves and bark.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A powerful herb of protection, holly keeps the wearer safe from evil spirits, witchcraft, lightning, and poison. Planted around the house, it extends protection to the building and everyone within. To save yourself from the attack of a wild animal, throw a sprig of holly at them; they will become tame, docile, and disinterested. To freeze water, throw holly flowers into it. Holly is strongly connected to winter solstice rituals. Decorate the house and altar with holly and mistletoe to strengthen the effect of magic performed during that time, and protect yourself from other magicians’ interference. If gifted to another, berry-covered boughs grant protection and luck. Place them at your front door to inform the sylvan spirits they are allowed to seek shelter from the cold in your house. Burn the bough at Imbolc or the spirits will never leave.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The berries are mildly toxic, causing stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. Contact with the leaves may cause mild skin irritation as well. However, the caffeine contained in the plant makes it poisonous to cats, dogs, and horses. Birds and livestock are immune.
| 135
HORSETAIL
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.47 Horsetail a. vegetative shoot; b. young spike; c. fertile shoots with spikes bearing sporophylls
Family Habitat Size
arctic to temperate cultivated areas, wastes, and roadsides 10—90 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
green vegetative shoots
Flowers Leaves
136 |
Equisetaceae | horsetails
none, multiplies by spores and rhizome brown and green scale leaves
Horsetail Equisetum arvense
Also known as: Field Horsetail. Bottle Brush. Scouring Rush. Shavegrass.
An unmistakable, primeval plant reminiscent of the early days of the planet. It is used in fertility rituals, regulates menstrual flow, and bestows control over snakes.
DESCRIPTION
Horsetails are not closely related to any other family of plants. This ancient, primeval group has a distinct look, impossible to mistake with any other herb. Slender, felted rhizomes creep expensively underground, creating extensive networks reaching over a meter deep. The fertile stems appear in early spring. They are succulent, with whorls of brown scale-leaves, and topped with brown cones carrying spores. Green vegetative shoots grow during the summer, after the fertile shoots wilt; their only purpose is photosynthetic. Horsetails mine silicon from the soil, and the stems are covered in small grains of silica, creating a rough and abrasive surface.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Horsetails are widespread in cold and temperate zones and often considered weeds. They prefer high-moisture environments, including partial submersion, and neutral or slightly basic clay loams, but they easily adapt to less favorable conditions. It commonly occurs on pastures, open woodlands, near streams, on roadsides, and on the edges of arable land. Their presence often indicates subterranean, flowing waters or springs, especially if the topsoil seems arid. Once horsetails start growing in an area, their eradication is near-impossible.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather only the barren vegetative shoots. Cut them whole, just above the ground. Use either fresh or dried; a fresh plant is more potent. For medicinal purposes, make a decoction, extract fluid, or burn the plant and use the ashes as a powder. Use whole shoots or ashes in spells and rituals. Young buds are edible but rarely consumed.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
A decoction of horsetail is astringent and diuretic, bringing respite in kidney problems, aiding with kidney stones, and curing mild heart problems. A strong decoction, served three times a day for up to three days regulates menstrual flow and reduces the accompanying discomfort. Applied externally, horsetail stops bleeding, fastens the healing process, and reduces swelling of the eyelids. High silicon content makes the plant useful in supplements and potions affecting hair, teeth, and fingernails, giving them strength and shine.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Make a whistle from the hollow stem and play it to call and charm snakes, bending their will. Use the rough, abrasive shoots to set, strengthen, and enforce boundaries, both physical and emotional. It protects the psychic space from unwanted intrusions, counteracting mental manipulation and similar enchantments. Sprinkle the ashes during oaths and rituals of commitment, to make the vows firm and unbreakable. The ageless, eternally multiplying horsetail is a prime ingredient in spells and rituals of fertility. Mix it with mistletoe, mint, and cinnamon, then add to pouches and amulets, and carry them with you (Fertility Sachet, p. 267). Place a similar mixture in the bedroom for the same purpose.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
While mostly safe for humans (save for high doses or prolonged exposure, as it may lead to thiamine deficiency), horsetail is toxic to livestock, particularly horses. Symptoms include weakness, clumsiness, breathing difficulties, and sometimes death.
| 137
IVY
b.
c. a. Fig. 3.48 Ivy a. climbing stem with palmate leaves; b. unripe fruits; c. leaf in autumn
Family Habitat
cold to temperate woods and gardens
Size
20—30 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and fruits
Flowers Leaves
138 |
Araliaceae | aralias
greenish, September—November palmate and ovate
Ivy Hedera helix
Also known as: Common Ivy. Tree Ivy. Gort.
A popular ornamental climber, quickly covering trees and buildings. It brings luck to newlyweds, ensures fidelity, and prevents drunkenness and hangovers.
DESCRIPTION
A fast-growing evergreen climbing vine or trailing ground cover. It grows in two stages. In the juvenile stage of spreading it produces thick, palmate leaves with five lobes. Once the plant is established, it grows rootless stems with ovate leaves and umbrella-like clusters of whitish-green flowers. The flowers are tiny but full of nectar, providing sustenance to insects in late autumn. Blue-black, very aromatic but unpalatable berries stay on the plant throughout winter and the seeds are spread by birds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Ivy establishes easily and propagates itself at a fast pace while requiring little work. It prefers rich, loamy soil and shade but will survive a sunny exposition and poorer soil. Ivy is pollution-, frost-, and drought-resistant, but will wither and die if waterlogged. The juvenile shoots grow aerial rootlets which cling strongly to any surface, allowing the plant to climb trees, fences and even solid walls. While not parasitic, a thick covering of ivy can damage its support, overturning weaker trees or causing—and hiding—structural damage to buildings.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect leaves at your convenience. Bruise them while fresh to extract the sap or make a poultice. Boil in fat to prepare a liniment. Dry and powder for storage, but as ivy leaves are available throughout the year, stocking up is rarely worth the effort. Gather berries after the first frost; they will be more tender and easier to work with.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use extract of ivy in cough medicines; leaves and berries are an expectorant in
bronchitis. Infuse water with ivy to make an eye-wash. Use a liniment as a heat-rub for muscle aches and sprains caused by physical exercise, especially for athletes who overextended themselves. The berries are a potent diuretic and have been used as a remedy against the plague, with mixed outcomes that require further studies.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Wreaths of ivy bring luck to newlyweds during handfasting or equivalent celebration. Ivy brings fidelity into relationships and helps set that intention in love charms when searching for a partner. Grown or carried, it protects from negativity and guards against disaster. Ivy protects the wearer from drunkenness and its next-day consequences. Wear an ivy crown when partaking in festivities to avoid the effects of overindulgence. Boil ivy leaves in wine to render it alcohol-free and use a thin slice of ivy wood as a filter to separate wine and water—or to extract other poisons from a drink. The porous wood absorbs the color and properties of the toxin. Many wine- and alehouses are either covered in ivy or brandish it on the signpost, as a promise of god-worthy drinks. The evergreen leaves symbolize the continuity of life throughout winter and death. Left on graves, they inform the dead that they have not been forgotten.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The berries are mildly toxic to humans and the sap may irritate the skin, causing severe dermatitis. Use gloves for protection and always test the skin’s response to ivy before wearing it against your body.
| 139
JUNIPER
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.49 Juniper a. branch with berries and flowers; b. young leaves; c. ripe berries
Family Habitat
arctic to temperate coniferous or mixed forests, pastures, and clearings
Size
up to 15 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
fruits and leaves
Flowers Leaves
140 |
Cupressaceae | cypresses
yellow cones, May—June needle-shaped, with white bands
Juniper Juniperus communis
Also known as: Common Juniper. Gin Berry. Enebro. Ginepro.
A sturdy evergreen conifer with blue berries and needle-like leaves. A staunch protector of home and health, it guards against theft, wild animals, and ghosts.
DESCRIPTION
Juniper takes a variety of forms, from tall evergreen trees to small shrubs or even prostrate ground covering. Most popular variation is a small tree, up to 6 meters tall. The plant grows needle-like leaves in whorls of three, each with a white or bluish-green stomatal band on the upper surface. Female (yellow) and male (yellowish-green) flowers are borne on separate plants and pollinated by wind. Green cones ripen into fleshy, purple-black fruits with waxy, blue coating and strong, bitter, peppery flavor. Juniper grows slowly and produces hard wood with apleasant smell.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
With the biggest range of all conifers, juniper grows everywhere from the arctic to the sub-tropical zone. From the poorest to richest soils, from open pastures to dense woodlands, the plant shows an extraordinary talent for adaptation. It fares best on sunny slopes, where the production of oil and resin in the plant is the highest. It is exceptionally easy to grow in a garden or even a container. If not damaged, it will live for over a millennium.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Juniper berries take two to three years to ripen and the branches often carry both green and blue fruits at the same time. Gather the ripe berries in autumn, let them dry until they lose the blue coating and turn blackish. Crush them, macerate, and distill with water, evaporating the residue until you obtain a pale yellowish liquid smelling like turpentine and with a balsamic, burning, and bitter flavor. In hotter climates, you may also extract the oil and resin from leaves and twigs in a similar process.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use juniper as flavoring for beer or gin. The fresh berries are too bitter, but once dried and crushed, they add a strong, sharp, woodland-like flavor to marinades and pair well with fresh game, especially venison, wild boar, or mutton. Juniper wood is perfect for smoking meats and sausages.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Astringent, antiseptic, and diuretic, juniper helps in cases of indigestion, flatulence, and diseases of kidneys and bladder. Apply the oil mixed with a fixative to exposed wounds to prevent irritation by flies; it is a method used by veterinarians, but may be applied to a wider range of patients if necessary.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Juniper is one of the most protective plants. Its sturdiness make it a prime guardian of the house, repelling diseases, thieves, and unwelcome visitors from the spiritual realm. It promotes good health and longevity. It is also a herb of purification. Burn berries, leaves, wood, or resin as incense to purge the area from lingering disease, evil spirits, and malicious energy. The aromatic smoke strengthens the magical workings requiring manifestation, like conjurations and evocations. It supports divination and clairvoyance, opening the psyche to contact with the other realms. Juniper is helpful in rites of passage, especially shamanic journeys of self-discovery and maturity. A dream of juniper trees is a bad sign, especially if the dreamer is sick. A vision of the berries themselves, however, is a sign of great prosperity, honor and importance about to be bestowed upon the dreamer.
| 141
KNOTGRASS
b.
a. Fig. 3.50 Knotgrass a. plant in bloom; b. flower
Family
Polygonaceae | knotweeds
Habitat
temperate roadsides and arable land
Size Life cycle
annual
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
142 |
10—60 cm
green with pink or white margins, May—October oval, leathery
Knotgrass Polygonum aviculare
Also known as: Knotweed. Birdweed. Nine Joints. Bird’s Tongue.
A knotty, multi-branched weed with powerful binding properties, able to restrict movement and growth, control bodies, and bind spells and hexes to objects.
DESCRIPTION
A semi-prostrate, creeping herb with long, segmented stems connected in knotty joints. Hairless, short-stalked oval leaves grow in an alternate pattern on the branching stems. Small flowers appear on the whole plant; they are mostly green with pink and white margins. A woody, tough taproot gives keeps the plant bound to the ground against strong winds, grazing animals, and other circ*mstances. The aboveground part of the herb is edible, with afresh, astringent and bitter flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A common weed, found often on arable land, pastures, meadows, roadsides, wastes, and seashores. Knotgrass is widespread in the temperate zone, as it thrives in most conditions and easily adapts to the environment. It withstands trampling and grazing, able to quickly regenerate tissues. Wiry, strong roots make removal from the ground hard and total eradication near impossible. Knotweed is a common carrier of powdery mildew pathogen, giving leaves a whitish appearance—avoid using infected specimens.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the plant in summer. Use it fresh or dry it in sunlight for later use. Dig out the root and extract the precious indigo dye.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Chop the fresh herb and add it to porridge for a refreshing flavor. Cook as potherb, add it to soups and stews. Outside of human consumption, it is a favorite of birds, from poultry to wild birds, who are known to search for the herb and might be lured with its offering.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
An affective astringent and diuretic, knotweed infusions and ointments treat dysentery and hemorrhoids, remove kidney stones, and cure inflammations of the urinary tract. Silicic acid, the main active ingredient, strengthens the connective tissue in the lungs, aiding recovery in pulmonary complaints.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Knotgrass is a herb of binding, in more meanings than one. Use it in spells of physical binding and restriction of movement, to entangle and shackle the target of the spell. A similar formula will tie a person to a certain area, ensuring they lose the will to travel outside of it. An even less benign use of knotgrass is in spells of manipulation; the herb creates magical strings that may be used to control the actions of another— but not their minds. The magic of knotgrass makes it possible to magically bind aperson to another in a mockery of love, but such use is obviously immoral and criminal. An infusion of knotgrass, taken internally, will stunt growth of people and animals, especially in young children and livestock. It is one of the main ingredients in preparations changing the size of the user (Shrinking Drops, p. 256). The herb is also used in amulets and pieces of clothing prepared for the same purpose. The binding properties extend to less literal uses—use the plant to bind spells, hexes, and wishes to physical objects. A powerful tool in an enchanter’s hands, knotgrass allows them to tie the magic to an object with asemi-permanent bond: fast, unbreakable, but easy to unravel.
| 143
LADY’S MANTLE
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.51 Lady’s Mantle a. plant in bloom; b. flowers; c. drop of dew on a leaf
Family Habitat
cold to temperate grasslands, mountain slopes, and gardens
Size
10—50 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant, dew
Flowers Leaves
144 |
Rosaceae | roses
yellow-green, June—September corrugated, lobed, water-collecting
Lady’s Mantle Alchemilla vulgaris
Also known as: Nine Hooks. Lion’s Foot. Stellaria. Dewcup.
A popular ornamental plant with decorative leaves. The dew gathered from them is required in the alchemical process of changing base metals into gold.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous plant growing in dense copses with a high ornamental value. The distinctively corrugated and lobed leaves are fanshaped or semicircular; they often sparkle with dew even after other plants have already dried in sunlight. The whole plant is covered in fine hair, most abundant on the underside of leaves. Lady’s mantle grows yellow-green or chartreuse flowers with a peculiar, sweet scent. The root is woody, stout, and short. Closely related A. mollis and A. xanthochlora are often interchanged with A. vulgaris.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A frost-resistant and hardy plant, lady’s mantle thrives at high altitudes, but will grow almost everywhere, from mountain slope to grasslands to gardens, in both shade and sun. It prefers moist, but well-draining neutral or basic soil, especially heavy clay. Lady’s mantle is hermaphroditic and self-fertile, propagating through seeds in August—October. It is easy to grow in a garden, providing an ornamental ground cover. Deadhead the flowers to encourage a second blooming later in the season.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather root and leaves from May onwards; for consumption, pick the ones growing in the shade, as their flavor is sweeter and the consistency softer than those growing in a sunny spot. Use fresh or dry, store in a sealed container in a cold, dry location. Alchemilla leaves gather and filter water, exuding and collecting the precious dew on their hydrophobic surface. Carefully gather it and store in glass or crystal bottles. Do not let it touch the ground, even when bottled, or its magic will be spoiled and value lost.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible, but the fresh leaves are best in salads or sandwiches. Overindulgence may result in constipation. Cook the root and eat with butter; it has aslightly astringent flavor.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Lady’s mantle contains tannins and salicylic acid, giving it mild sedative properties, relieving menstrual cramps and promoting uterine health. It is considered safe during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Infusions of the herb are useful in curing other kinds of excessive bleeding, both internal and external. Wrap a cloth soaked with the cold infusion around a sore to dry it and remove inflammation. A balm applied to the skin slows down aging.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
In spellcasting, lady’s mantle is a part of love and attraction rituals, also used in sachets and amulets. The plant finds its prime magical use in alchemy, as its scientific name suggests. The dew collected from the leaves is the purest form of water available in nature and a necessary ingredient in the creation of the philosopher’s stone. It has the power of breaking down lead, starting the alchemical process of creating gold, and is the liquid base for the elixir of eternal youth. The purity of the dew strengthens the power of any magical potion and is especially suited for bestowing flight, incorporealness, or control over the element of air. Regardless of the relative popularity of the plant, vials of the pure and magically active dew reach high prices from alchemists.
| 145
LAVENDER
b.
c. a.
Fig. 3.52 Lavender a. leaves and flowering stems; b. flower with a pollinator; c. leaf
Family Habitat Size
warm to subtropical, mostly in cultivation 100—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and leaves
Flowers Leaves
146 |
Lamiaceae | mints
pinkish-purple, June—August lanceolate, evergreen, green-gray
Lavender Lavandula angustifolia
Also known as: True Lavender. Nardus. Elf Leaf. Spike.
An aromatic perennial shrub with decorative purplish flowers. The sweet scent relaxes the body and the mind, calms the nerves, and brings sleep and happiness.
DESCRIPTION
A tall, bushy shrub growing evergreen, narrow leaves with a silvery sheen. Slender, leafless flowering stalks produce spikes of pinkish-purple (or just lavender) flowers arranged in whorls around the stalk. The plant exudes a strong, sweet aroma, valued in medicine, household maintenance, and production of perfumes and cosmetics.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Lavender is a native of the dry and warm regions, preferring full sun, hot summers, and mellow winters. It succeeds in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged or too acidic. In a lighter, drier, and poorer soil, the plant will grow smaller but more aromatic. It attracts a multitude of pollinators, mostly bees, moths, and butterflies, and is a good companion for most other herbs and vegetables, especially cabbages.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For decoration or magical use, gather the flowering stems when in bloom; use fresh or dried. Lavender keeps both the color and the scent when dry. For extracting the essential oil, harvest the plant as soon as the flowers have faded—it will yield more oil.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat leaves, petals, and flowering stems raw as condiment in salads, soups, stews, jams, and vinegars. They impart a very strong flavor; use them in moderation. Fresh or crystallized flowers are very decorative. Use the essential oil as flavoring for desserts.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Lavender is a deeply relaxing herb, best served as tea, a bath, or used in aromatherapy. The essential oil extracted from laven-
der is more delicate than other plants’ and may be used externally without diluting. It is antiseptic and restorative, quickening the healing of wounds and burns. It soothes the skin and prevents the formation of permanent scar tissue Rubbed into temples, it brings relief in headaches, especially caused by stress and tension. It calms the nerves, brings back lost appetites, and helps in cases of insomnia.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A staple in any herbalist’s workshop, lavender has a plethora of magical uses, most of them focused on bringing peace, happiness, relaxation, and protection. A heat-loving plant, it is employed in the festivals and celebrations of the summer solstice and invoking the powers of the Sun and summer throughout the year. It raises psychic awareness in meditation, brings inner peace, stimulates meditation, astral perception and travel, and frees the person from the burdens of stress and mental exhaustion. It helps solving the basic and stress-causing problems of the daily life through spells attracting money and love or blessing and protecting the house. When worn, lavender also protects against cruel treatment at the hands of the spouse, but in such cases, one should not entrust their safety to plants, even most magical. Placed under the pillow or scattered in the bedroom, lavender brings restful sleep and enhances oneiromancy and wish magic. Combined with poppy and linden, lavender creates a powerful Sleep Elixir (p. 256). Added to other alchemical preparations or spells, lavender grants stability and permanency to the magical effects.
| 147
LEMON BALM
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.53 Lemon Balm a. plant in bloom; b. flower; c. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, mostly incultivation 30—70 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves
Flowers Leaves
148 |
Lamiaceae | mints
white, June—October toothed, ovate or cordate
Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis
Also known as: Melissa. Sweet Balm. Elixir of Life. Oghoul.
A popular medicinal and culinary herb of the mint family, used by magicians to bring happiness, invoke love and cure wounds caused by swords.
DESCRIPTION
Lemon balm is a typical representative of the mint family, with the usual square stem, toothed leaves, and petite flowers full of nectar. It grows as a bushy, leafy perennial herb, easy to confuse with catnip and spearmint. Identify it by bruising a leaf; melissa has apleasant, lemony scent.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Lemon balm is not picky about its growing conditions. While it prefers rich, well draining soil, it will thrive almost everywhere. If not carefully controlled, it will overwhelm other plants in the garden due to a quick preparation by seeds. Removing the flowers as soon as they appear greatly reduces the invasiveness of lemon balm. The plant attracts multiple pollinators, especially bees, and is particularly valued by beekeepers, as it helps establishing new hives.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest lemon balm in early summer to fall, when the plant has several flower buds— the essential oils are then at their peak. Cut each trimming just above a pair of leaves, which allows the plant to regrow. Remove no more than two-thirds of each individual plant for sustainable cultivation. Use fresh or air dry.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Melissa bestows a delicate, lemony flavor upon any dish, without the sourness or tartness. Use it to sweeten jams, jellies, cakes, ice creams, and other desserts, particularly alongside spearmint. Add it to salads, poultry or fish dishes, and to flavor liqueurs. Fresh or dried lemon balm makes a fragrant, healthy tea, especially tasty with adrop of honey.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Lemon balm is a popular nervine, soothing symptoms of stress, helping to relax and uplifting the mood. It brings a calming effect and reduces alertness, which in effect may bring relief in insomnia and anxiety. It boosts the cognitive function of the brain, improving memory and concentration. The plant has antimicrobial, antiviral, antispasmodic properties; it aids digestion, treats nausea, eases menstrual cramps, and lessens headaches and toothaches.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
One of the most powerful plants in love magic, lemon balm may be burned as incense, added to sachets and amulets, thrown into a bath, made into perfumes and skin care products, or simply gifted or planted in the garden to attract the love. Sharing a cup of lemon balm tea strengthens the bond between lovers and counteracts miscommunications and daily annoyances. Use lemon balm in spells and rituals when facing terrible odds, to improve your chance of success. The herb provides the flicker of hope in desperate cases, in impossible wishes, when all other methods have been tried and resources exhausted. If attached to the sword or another blade that caused a wound, it magically stops the bleeding and promotes fast healing without any scarring. It also heals broken hearts, thankfully without the need to attach it to the one causing the heartache. A cup of tea or some infused honey (p. 262) will suffice. As it is naturally attuned to bees, use lemon balm to summon, control, and repel swarms of insects.
| 149
LIFE-EVERLASTING
b.
a.
Fig. 3.54 Life-Everlasting a. plant in bloom; b. flowers in various stages of development
Family Habitat Size
yards, banks, neglected and abandoned gardens 40—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves, stems, and flowers
Flowers
yellow with white bracts, June—September
Leaves
150 |
Asteraceae | asters
linear, hairy
Life-Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea
Also known as: Pearl. Pearly Everlasting. Chafe Weed. Old Field Balsam.
A sturdy perennial with cottony stems and everlasting flowers, bestowing good health, pleasant sleep, eternal youth, longevity, and immortality.
DESCRIPTION
An upright plant forming clumps of simple, unbranching, cottony stems growing narrow, silvery-grey leaves and topped with corymbs of minuscule yellow flowers surrounded with pearly-white bracts. The bracts are almost completely dry, translucent, and with a parchment-like texture. Life-everlasting is slightly fragrant.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Life-everlasting thrives even in the poorest, sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils, without much moisture or nutrition. It prefers sunny exposition and propagates easily over dry prairies, open woods, roadsides, wastes, and abandoned gardens and fields. Drought- and frost-resistant, life-everlasting and spreads aggressively under optimal conditions. Male and female flowers grow on separate plants, and both are necessary to produce seeds; if the conditions are not met, life-everlasting may also reproduce through runners. Once established, it requires no oversight and holds its own against more invasive or demanding plants.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the flowering stems when fully in bloom and air dry them upside down. The plant survives the process extremely well, not losing much of its properties. The flowers and bracts will last for years in dry bouquets, garlands, or flower mixes. For medicinal use, prepare a decoction of flowers, leaves, and stems for internal or external use.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Cooked young leaves are edible but flavorless; they contain enough protein to count as a meal if no other food is available. Mix them with other greens for a tastier meal.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use life-everlasting as an antiseptic poultice or decoction to heal sprains, bruises, boils, and painful swellings. A salve fastens the healing of burns. Taken internally, it is astringent, useful in diarrhoea and dysentery, and pectoral, helping in lung complaints, like bronchitis. It alleviates pain and is slightly sedative; use the infusion in inhalation in treatment of headaches and mild insomnia.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Life-everlasting is a herb of immortality, longevity, and good health (see Elixir of Life, p. 256). Drink an infusion every morning before eating or drinking anything else to ensure a long life relatively free of illness. In ritual magic, the plant restores and prolongs youthful appearance. Kept at home or carried, it repels sickness. Grown in the garden, the plant ensures that the soul of the gardener will be taken deep into the spiritual realms after their death, breaking any ties to the material plane. Such souls can never be called back, for any purpose (Funeral Lotion, p. 257). Stuff a pillow with dried flowerheads to bring a restful, healing sleep to anybody who wishes for it. This has astronger effect than hops but weaker than opium poppy; it will fail if used against one’s will as its magic is strictly beneficial. Place the dried flowerheads on the altar or burn them in the sacred fire to invoke and summon the spirits of earth and water. Such valued offering makes them more amenable and willing to abide by the summoner’s wishes.
| 151
LILY OF THE VALLEY
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.55 Lily of the Valley a. flowering stem; b. ripe berries; c. raceme with flowers; d. inside of the flower
Family Habitat
forest heaths and margins, gardens
Size
15—25 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole herb
Flowers Leaves
152 |
Asparagaceae | asparaguses
white, May—July broad, parallel-veined
Lily of the Valley Convallaria majalis
Also known as: May Bells. Lady’s Tears. Ladder to Heaven. Glovewort.
An ornamental, poisonous plant with fragrant, white bells. It is a favorite of fey spirits, fostering communication, improving memory, and bringing happiness.
DESCRIPTION
A small and common ornamental plant with thin, branched rootstock, from which sprout erect, bristly stems with purple bases. Each flowering stem develops two long-stalked parallel-veined leaves, which gives them the characteristic striped look. They are accompanied by a raceme of five to fifteen white, bell-shaped flowers. In the autumn, the flowers are replaced by orange-red berries containing a few whitish to brownish seeds. Lily of the valley is particularly valued for its powerful, sweet fragrance, making it a popular choice for bouquets and expensive perfumes.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Lily of the valley forms extensive colonies by spreading underground rhizomes. Most often found in shady and moist calcerous forests, it creates vast ground covers of abundant leaves and sparse flowers. Often cultivated for its ornamental value, it propagates easily by rhizomes and seeds, pollinated by bees and flies. Though it produces no nectar, it attracts a lot of wildlife with its fragrance.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the whole plant when in bloom; it loses a lot of its medicinal properties when dried, but it makes no difference for magical purposes. The flowers are most powerful and are often harvested separately, without removing the whole plant, which increases the sustainability of cultivation.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Two main active constituents of the plant, convallarin and convallamarin, are cardiac glycosides, affecting the action of the heart. It encourages the heart to beat more slow-
ly, regularly, and efficiently, reduces blood pressure and blood volume. The effect is similar to that of foxglove, albeit weaker and easier to control; the effect is also less cumulative, making it more suitable for elderly patients However, due to the toxicity of the plant, do not use it if other methods are available.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Ruled by the element of air, lily of the valley aids memory and mental powers, fosters communication, and opens pathways to achieve higher states of consciousness. It helps to send and receive telepathic messages and sendings from other worlds. The sight and scent of the flowers brings cheer and lifts the spirits of all who notice them. It is a symbol of returning happiness, best used in spellwork to regain decreasing health, regain a lost love, or rescue a failing relationship. By bringing peace and tranquility, the plant purifies the mental and emotional space, preparing the ground for open, non-judgmental communication. Lily of the valley is a favorite of fey, fairies, and plant spirits, who gladly accept the white bells as offerings of friendship.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
All parts of the plant are poisonous to mammals. The toxin has a low absorption rate when taken orally, therefore accidental poisonings by adults are rare. If ingested, the plant causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, irregular heart beats, and a changed perception of colors. As little as a couple of berries or two leaves may be lethal to a child or a dog. Skin contact with the plant may cause severe dermatitis.
| 153
LINDEN
b.
a.
c. Fig. 3.56 Linden a. flowering branch of T. cordata; b. flower; c. dried seeds and bracts
Family Habitat
roadsides, field edges, urban areas, commonly cultivated
Size
20—40 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers, leaves, and wood
Flowers Leaves
154 |
Malvaceae | mallows
yellowish-green, June—July cordate, toothed margins
Linden Tilia spp.
Also known as: Lime Tree. Tilia Flower. Basswood. Teil.
A tall deciduous tree with sweet-smelling flowers, perfect for tea. It brings luck, love, and protection, especially hanged above doors and windows of the house.
DESCRIPTION
A genus of about thirty species of trees and bushes, widespread through out the temperate zone. Lindens are mostly large, deciduous trees with characteristic heart-shaped, delicately toothed leaves. The most popular species are small-leaved linden (T. cordata) and large-leaved linden (T. platyphyllos), which hybridize easily with other of their genus. Most lindens have grey bark, smooth when young and progressively more gnarled with age. Yellowish-green hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by insects attracted by the abundant nectar and a sweet, pleasant aroma. They are accompanied by long, yellowish bracts that helps the ripe seeds travel on the wind away from the parent tree.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Native to temperate regions and modest in their soil and water requirements, lindens frequent both ancient woodlands and cultivated areas. They are commonly introduced in villages and cities, as they grow fast from cuttings or grafts and provide ample shade. They can survive hundreds of years; the oldest are estimated to be 2,000 years old.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowers just as they open; as they age, they grow in narcotic properties and if used internally, may cause a narcotic intoxication. Linden wood is light and soft, easy to work with, and favored by carvers, sculptors, and model-makers. Thanks to good acoustic properties, it is often used in production of musical instruments.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Linden is important for beekeepers, as the abundance of nectar attracts honey bees producing a vary pale, but richly flavored
linden honey. Use the dried blossoms in an aromatic tea or as beverage flavoring. Raw leafbuds and young leaves are also edible as a salad, with a mild, mucilaginous flavor. Sweet, sticky sap exuded by the tree is anatural sugar substitute.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use linden flowers, particularly in a form of an infusion, to treat colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, and migraines. A sedative and antispasmodic, it brings respite in painful cramps of the digestive tract and relaxes the body.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Linden is considered a sacred tree by many cultures, being a host to nature spirits and gods. It brings rest to those who set up camp under its branches, blessing them with luck, happiness, and internal peace (and a fair amount of sticky sap dripping from the tree, attracting ants and aphids). Hang branches above the doors and windows of the house to protect it from evil. Planting linden in the garden keeps the lightning away from the buildings by channeling it to the tree. For your safety, make sure you do not take shelter under it during a thunderstorm. Use the leaves and flowers in love spells and rituals of fertility, longevity and immortality. Write a letter to a loved one on linden bark to strengthen the bond between you and prove your commitment. Carry amulets carved from lime wood for luck and protection. Mix linden with lavender for a particularly strong spell against insomnia, especially caused by a curse.
| 155
LOTUS
b.
a.
c. Fig. 3.57 Lotus a. flower; b. unopened flower bud; c. ripe seed pod
Family Habitat Size
flood plains, slow-moving rivers, ponds, water gardens up to 200 cm underwater, 30—50 cm above water
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
156 |
Nelumbonaceae | lotuses
white to pink, July—August large, peltate, floating
Lotus Nelumbo nucifera
Also known as: Sacred Lotus. Water Lily. Water Fairy. Flower of Life.
An aquatic flowering plant of high ornamental value. It finds multiple uses in medicine, gastronomy, as well as sacred, religious, and magical rites.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial, aquatic plant with roots planted in the soil of the pond or river bottom and strong, thick flowering stems rising above the water’s surface. Long leaf stalks (petioles) carry large, up to 80 cm in diameter, floating leaves. The leaves and flowers have a wavy protection layer, which repels water and other impurities. In the center of the flower, numerous stamen surround a characteristic receptacle. Petals have a sweet, fruity scent. Lotus flowers can regulate their temperature and are often warm to the touch to attract coldblooded insect pollinators.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Lotus is found in the wild and in cultivation throughout warm-temperate and tropical areas. It is frost tender and requires careful temperature and water depth control if cultivated outside of its native range. Adapted to grow in the flood plains and slow-moving rivers and deltas, lotus requires at least five months of heat to bloom and reproduce. It cannot survive in shade, but its seeds are effectively immortal; they have been known to germinate after over a thousand years, once placed in water.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather flowers at their desired maturity; use fresh, as they quickly wither. Rhizomes and leaves have a similarly short shelf life. The seeds, once dried, last for centuries without losing any of their magical and medicinal properties.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
All parts of lotus are edible, with seeds and rhizome finding the most use in culinary arts. Eat the starchy roots fresh, boiled, or steamed as a vegetable; they have a crunchy texture, sim-
ilar to a raw potato, and sweet-tangy flavor. Seeds can be eaten raw but are usually served dried, ground into flour, and processed into cakes, noodles, paste, wine, ice cream, or popcorn. Fresh leaves work both as greens and as plates or wraps for steaming rice. Due to possible parasite contamination, all lotus products are best enjoyed after cooking.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use all parts of the plant as an astringent, to lower blood pressure, stop blood vomiting, bloody urination, and nosebleeds. The leaf juice treats diarrhoea and sunstroke. Adecoction of flowers helps in cases of premature ejacul*tion, as well as excessive menstruation, postpartum haemorrhages, and bloody discharges.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A powerful sacred herb, lotus is a staple of religious rites and ceremonies, particularly those connected with purity, consecration, spiritual enlightenment, and celebration of faith. Use the oil of lotus or a wash made from petals to consecrate candles; burn them to keep your spiritual energy safe from harm and cleanse the psychic space from malicious spirits and intentions. Use the dried seed pod as an incense burner to help a soul in need or reincarnation. The pod and seeds are powerful antidotes against love spells (p. 256); chew the seeds to protect yourself from charms and rituals aimed at controlling your emotions and responses to other beings. Place the root under your tongue and say the words sign, arggis towards a locked door to magically open it. The roots carry enough power for just a single use.
| 157
LUCKY HAND
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.58 Lucky Hand a. D. incarnata in bloom; b. fresh root of O. mascula; c. dried roots of O. mascula
Family Habitat Size
temperate to cold, meadows to mountains and woods 50—60 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
roots
Flowers Leaves
158 |
Orchidaceae | orchids
pink to purple, April—July fleshy, oblong, sometimes spotted
Lucky Hand Orchis spp. Dactylorhiza spp.
Also known as: Hand of Power. Helping Hand. Satyrion Root. Salep.
A dried root of several species of orchids, used in love and sexual magic. Carried, it brings luck in gambling, and provides a helping hand to those who need it.
DESCRIPTION
Lucky hand is not a single plant, and as such, evades standard description. The characteristic roots resembling hands with four to nine fingers are most commonly found in species like Orchis mascula and Dactylorhiza incarnata. In modern nomenclature, the latter genus covers most species with palmshaped roots, while Orchis describes those with two round tubers. However, the classification makes no difference for arcane use, as the root’s magical properties are the same regardless of the name and shape.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Orchids grow in a variety of habitats, from open meadows to mountainous slopes to woods, and each species has different requirements for water, soil, and sunlight. D. incarnata prefers wet meadows with nutrient-rich soil, while O. mascula can thrive in any temperate climate from sea level to 2,500 metres altitude. Other species are found in most temperate and warm biomes.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect tubers at the end of the summer, after the flowers have withered away and the seed vessels have fully formed. All kinds of tubers have use in magic, but only the fresh and plump have the culinary and medicinal properties worth mentioning. Wash the tubers and immerse them for a short time in boiling water to remove bitterness, then rub off the skin. Use fresh or dry in the sun or the oven set to bread-baking temperature. Dried roots become translucent and sturdy, and if left to air dry for a couple of days, harden and become immune to damp. If the drying process is done correctly, the roots will store indefinitely, whole or in a powdered form.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use dried and powdered roots, called salep flour, to prepare a wintry, warming drink, best enjoyed flavored with lemon rind, wine, and cinnamon. It has a high nutritional value and is recommended as a drink for children and convalescents.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Extract juice from tubers and use as a tonic and in treatment of inflammation of gums and teeth. Apply root paste externally on cuts, wounds, and bone fractures. Use salep internally in gastrointestinal irritations due to its high mucilage contents.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Twin tubers of the Orchis species carry acurious property, useful in sexual magic. One of the tubers provides the plant with nutrients, while the other stores the extra nutrients for the next season; hence, out of the two, one tuber is always plump and fresh, and the other withered and spent. Use the fresh one in philters or amulets to strengthen desire and reignite cold passion; use the withered as an anaphrodisiac and to counteract love potions. For luck and general success, carry the orchid roots in sachets; the fabric’s color will help guide the magical intention. Lucky hand (the more digits it possesses, the luckier) is most useful in matters of employment, financial stability, securing additional income, gambling, and protection from accidents. To strengthen the effect, place several roots in a jar of rose oil and soak thoroughly, then put in a sachet and place it according to your needs: by the heart if looking for love, in the wallet if in need of wealth, in your shoe if you require protection during travel.
| 159
MANDRAKE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.59 Mandrake a. plant in bloom and root; b. flower; c. ripe fruits
Family Habitat
temperate, open woodlands and disturbed areas
Size
10—50 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
root and leaves
Flowers Leaves
160 |
Solanaceae | nightshades
greenish to violet, March—April oval in basal rosette
Mandrake Mandragora officinarum
Also known as: Alraune. Devil’s Apple. Sorcerer’s Root. Gallows.
A highly toxic plant with characteristic humanoid roots, widely used in healing magic. It brings love, luck, and creativity, while expelling demons and spirits.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous plant with high variety within the genus. Most mandrakes have a basal rosette of fleshy, cabbage-textured leaves, with differing degree of hairiness. Bellshaped, numerous flowers vary from white to greenish to violet and purple. The fruits are round or oval, yellow to orange in varying sizes. Mandrakes have long, strong taproots, often branching into a semblance of ahumanoid figure.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Mandrake prefers light, rich soils in full sun to partial shade. It is frost resistant and rarely affected by any diseases or pests. Self-fertile and pollinated by insects, it grows natively in open woodlands and fields.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
There is much advice given by authors concerning the foraging of mandrake root. It has to be done in May, by the full moon, by an animal proxy on which the devil’s curse will befall, with your ears covered, after sprinkling the plant with blood or urine, after casting a circle with a sword, by a virgin with her back turned to the wind. Fanciful as they are, the methods are concocted in the literature to inflate the price of mandrake. Forage the leaves when fully grown in the late spring, and the root in the autumn, when the concentration of alkaloids is strongest. Wear gloves to avoid accidental contact with the toxic juice.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The sweet fruit are edible in very small quantities and have been used as beer flavoring. Regardless, ingestion of mandrake is not advisable.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Boil leaves in milk and use as poultice for ulcers and other skin problems. Mandrake preparations were used internally as emetics and anesthetics, to cure convulsions, melancholy, rheumatic pains, and many other diseases. Such use should be discontinued due to practical impossibility of calculating a safe dose of mandrake.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
The more the root resembles a human body, the stronger is its magical power. Carve it into a more humanoid figure to further focus the properties, but avoid purchasing already sculpted amulets; they are often roots of other, cheaper plants (e.g. Bryonia alba). Mandrake is a staple of healing rituals, which cures sterility, promotes fertility and safe labor. Hang it in the house to provide protection to all occupants. Use the root in exorcisms to drive away evil spirits and in spells of creativity, to unlock the art hidden in the mind. Burned or taken internally in minute doses, it brings visions, clairvoyance, and strengthens psychic skills.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The whole plant is toxic, with the highest concentration of alkaloids in the root, smaller in the leaves, and the lowest in the fruits. The differences between plants are even bigger, making poisonings much too common. The symptoms include skin reddening, dry mouth, increased heart rate, arrhythmia, vomiting, and pupil dilation. The internal use of mandrake causes hyperactivity, hallucinations, and even hypnotic states. In lethal doses, it paralyzes the nervous system and leads to death by asphyxiation.
| 161
MINT
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.60 Mint a. peppermint plant in bloom; b. peppermint flowers; c. peppermint leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate, near lakes and rivers 10—120 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
162 |
Lamiaceae | mints
white to pink, July—September hairy, serrated
Mint Mentha spp.
Also known as: Peppermint. Spearmint. Garden Mint.
A wide genus of aromatic plants, used in medicine, cuisine, and magic. Mints are associated with healing, lust, travel, and exorcisms, as well as fresh breath.
DESCRIPTION
Almost all mints are herbaceous, perennial plants with square, upright stems and serrated, slightly hairy leaves growing in opposite pairs. The colors range from dark green to purple, silvery, and pale yellow. Two-lipped corollas, usually white or pink, are arranged in false whorls of flowers called verticillasters. Mints hybridize easily in nature, and the different species are often hard to separate. Most popular in cultivation are spearmint (Mentha spicata, with spear-like leaves and green stems) and a natural hybrid or spearmint and watermint, called peppermint (Mentha x piperita, with rounded leaves and purple stems and veins). Bruised leaves exude a strong, pleasant scent.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Mints thrive in most conditions, especially in wet and shady environments, near lakes, rivers, and ponds. Once established, they propagate at great speed and invade upon other plants in the garden. Removing mint from a garden is near-impossible; plant them in containers to avoid future problems.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the whole plant 5—10 cm above the ground on a dry, sunny day before the flowers are in full bloom. Remove all diseased or insect-eaten leaves, tie the stems into bunches, and hang to dry. Store whole or powdered for future use. When in season, use fresh leaves for infusions, baths, and spells.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Spearmint, as the species with the more delicate, mellow flavor due to lower methanol content, is primarily used as flavoring for teas, desserts, and confectionery. In some cuisines, it is paired with meat, espe-
cially lamb and fowl, as well as with peas, potatoes, and cabbage. Mint punch or liqueur is a popular after-dinner drink.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Peppermint calms the muscles of the digestive tract and improves the flow of bile, helping to digest fats. It reduces abdominal cramping and gas, settles an upset stomach, and regulates bowel movement. Warm peppermint tea thins mucus and relieves astuffy nose. Menthol rubs or steam inhalations relieve coughing and clean the sinuses. Take care when using menthol oil; never use it undiluted and make an allergy test before applying as a medication.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Mint is a healing herb—fresh leaves rubbed against the temples relieve headaches and worn around a wrist as a bracelet, they repel disease. Wear a crown of mint to air concentration and attract love. The herb strengthens lust and reignites passions, although it is more used in fresh engagements than in established relationships (unlike ginger). Carried in a purse or a wallet, mint attracts wealth, prevents bad luck, and prevents others from becoming obstacles on your road to success. It helps overcome adversities and difficulties placed by mundane or magical means, as well as break the curses of bad luck and protect from the evil eye and other hexes. Use it to protect yourself from the trickery of others and being taken advantage of; mint raises awareness of suspicious behaviors and increases the natural capabilities to discover falsehoods, halftruths and plain deceit (Lie Sniffer, p. 260). It provides the strength to walk away from such trouble at the right time.
| 163
MISTLETOE
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.61 Mistletoe a. winter twig with fruits; b. ripe drupes; c. spring twig with flowers
Family Habitat Size
crowns of broad-leaved trees 30—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
twigs and fruit
Flowers Leaves
164 |
Santalaceae | sandalwoods
yellowish-green, February—April leathery, tear-shaped
Mistletoe Viscum album
Also known as: Kiss-and-Go. Masslin. Mistle.
A parasitic shrub with white, waxy, and poisonous berries, used extensively in health and protection spells. It brings luck, immortality, and eternal love.
DESCRIPTION
An evergreen, hemiparasitic shrub growing on trunks and branches of other trees, forming characteristic balls of branching twigs withe elongated, leathery leaves. The flowers are diminutive and easy to miss; insect-pollinated male and female flowers grow on separate plants. White, pearly drupes contain a single seed surrounded by a sweetish, glutinous pulp.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Widespread throughout temperate woodlands, mistletoe grows in the crowns of trees and shrubs, preferring broad-leaved hardwoods with soft bark, like apple and pear trees, aspens, poplars, and lindens. Seeds are propagated by birds and stuck to the branches with the sticky pulp. It takes about five years from germination to producing first fruits. While often considered a pest, mistletoe has a positive impact on biodiversity, attracting fruit-eating birds, providing food and habitat for a broad range of animals.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut mistletoe when drupes are ripe, usually between October and February. For the strongest magical properties, find mistletoe growing on an oak tree on Midwinter’s Day or when the moon is six days old. Cut the herb with a gold sickle in a single stroke and throw it at a white cloth held under the tree; do not let the mistletoe touch the ground for it will lose a lot of its power.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use preparations of powdered mistletoe to lower blood pressure, reducing the severity of symptoms like headaches and dizziness. It is a powerful antispasmodic used for
centuries in treating epilepsy. Do not use during pregnancy and never for longer than ten days.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Mistletoe is a herb of many uses, bringing protection from hexes, lightning, disease, misfortune, fires, and children-stealing fairies. Carry a fresh twig or wear a ring carved from the wood to ward off sickness and heal fresh wounds. A powerful cure-all mistletoe potion requires an elaborate ritual, but can treat even magical diseases. When carried, mistletoe bestows a blessing during hunting, aids conception, increases concentration, bestows invisibility, helps in opening locks and finding treasures, and features heavily in rituals of immortality. It opens the gates of the Underworld and allows the living to pass in both directions. Kiss your beloved beneath mistletoe to bless your relationship, strengthen the bond, and repel any kind of external meddling. After a kiss, remove one drupe from the twigs; the number of blessings is limited. Do not kiss strangers under the mistletoe to avoid the curse of binding yourself with eternal bond to somebody whom you don’t know; don’t kiss anybody who doesn’t want to be kissed, regardless of whether or not the herb is hanging above you.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The highest concentration of the toxin is in the fruits; ingestion leads to diarrhea, bloody stool, and painful stomach cramps, similarly to ricin. Concentrated toxin is lethal, but eating a few drupes is unlikely to cause lasting damage to an adult mammal. Most birds are immune to the poison.
| 165
MOONWORT
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.62 Moonwort a. fronds; b. leaflet; c. ripe spores
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, dry meadows, grasslands, and heaths 5—10 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
fronds
Flowers Leaves
166 |
Ophioglossaceae | adder’s-tongues
none, yellow-green spores on a stalk sterile fronds with fan-shaped leaflets
Moonwort Botrychium lunaria
Also known as: Unshoe-the-Horse. White Herb.
A rare fern with moon-shaped leaflets, prized by medics, alchemics, magicians, and burglars. It closes wounds, changes quicksilver into silver, and opens locks.
DESCRIPTION
A small fern growing a single caudex. The lower part is a sterile frond with fan-like leaflets resembling half-moons. The upper part is fertile, producing clusters of rounded spores. Small and unassuming, it is easiest to recognize in the summer, when heartshaped spores are developing—originally green, in time darkening to brown. Moonworts die at the end of the season and often re-appear only after several years. Most of the plant’s life happens underground, in a symbiotic relationship with a fungus; only rarely it has the need to emerge from its subterranean habitat.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Unlike other ferns, moonwort cannot grow in full or even partial shade, preferring open grasslands, woodlands, heaths, quarries, and sand dunes. This rare plant is seldom available for purchase; gardeners try to slowly grow it from spores collected in the wild. For expediency, transfer mature plants, taking care not to disturb the roots, which allow for asexual (clonal) reproduction; do not collect if protected by local laws.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For medicinal purposes, gather the leaflet-covered infertile fronds when in season, usually between June and August. For magical use, collect the whole herb, including the spore-bearing frond, under moonlight. While the presence of the full moon increases the magical power, the time of the day is irrelevant—the Moon showing during the day hours works as well as the one at night.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The use of moonwort in medicine is similar to adder’s tongue, its close relative: it seals
and heals open wounds, especially applied as poultice. Fresh cuts covered in halfmoon leaflets stop bleeding quickly and won’t leave scars. Boil the leaves in red wine and serve as a drink to cool and dry the organism, reducing menstrual flow, vomiting, and the unwelcome production and expulsion of other bodily fluids.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
This tiny fern has a plethora of magical uses. By alchemists, it is known as the white herb, a substance necessary to change quicksilver into pure silver. It is mostly this use that makes moonwort not only rare and often endangered, but also highly prized. Moonwort is a herb of magical freedom: it opens locks, breaks love curses, removes barriers, loosens bindings and manacles, and unshoes the horses. If a horse’s hooves trample it in a meadow, the offending horseshoe will remove itself immediately, potentially causing the horse and the rider many unpleasantries. Finding a loose horseshoe in a field can be a sign of moonworts growing nearby. In spells and rituals, the plant is closely connected to the Moon, allowing the magician to use the lunar energy for their gain. Like other Moon herbs, it brings change (including lycanthropic transformation), enforces a cyclical nature of events, and helps understand the mysteries of life. Moonwort negates the allergy to iron; when carried by a fey creature, it allows them to hide their nature, removing the telltale signs of allergy (Iron Breaker, p. 260).
| 167
MUGWORT
b.
c.
d.
a. Fig. 3.63 Mugwort a. flowering top; b. flower; c. leaf; d. root
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, uncultivated ares, waste places, roadsides 100—200 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves, root, flowering tops
Flowers Leaves
168 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow or red florets, July—September pinnate, dark green with white, hairy undersides
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris
Also known as: Felon Herb. Sailor’s Tobacco. Naughty Man. Wild Wormwood.
A common herb of roadsides and wastes, primarily used in treating menstrual problems and in divination, consecration, and protection from misfortune.
DESCRIPTION
A tall herbaceous plant with an extensive rhizome system. Erect, stiff stems are purplish and angular, surrounded in multitude of dark green, pinnate leaves. The undersides of the leaves are covered in dense, short hairs, giving the plant a silvery look. The small flowers are collected in terminal pannicles. Though they are usually yellow or dark red, the flowers are shielded by whitish, cottony whorls of bracts. The plant, while edible, has a bitter flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A very common plant in its native habitat, often considered a weed. Grows freely on wastes and roadsides, preferring sunny exposition and semi-shade, in well-draining soil. Mugwort attracts lots of wildlife, including butterflies and moths that feed on the leaves and flowers. Because of its abundance in the wild, it is rarely cultivated and often purposefully destroyed—its wind-carried pollen causes strong allergic reactions in some people.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the leaves in August; use fresh or dried. Gather rootstock in early Autumn, wash in cold water, remove rootlets, and air dry until shrunken. Then, finish the drying process by placing the roots near fire or in a dryer; otherwise, they will turn mouldy and worthless. They are fully dried when brittle.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use mugwort as an aromatic herb, pairing well with fatty meats thanks to its aid in digestion; stuff a goose before roasting. Add dried leaves and flowers as flavoring to gruit and other herbal drinks, particularly alcoholic; also used as tea.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Mugwort encourages menstrual flow, stimulates and strengthens the body and mind. It eases period pains and cramps. Use it in a bath to calm the nerves and battle fevers and colds. An infusion of dried flowers, like those of other wormwoods, kills intestinal worms and parasites. Mixed with vinegar, it is an antidote for mushroom and henbane poisoning, but the dosage depends on the specific toxic agent.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Leaves and flowers, smoked or brewed, bring lucid dreams, visions, and mystical experiences, mostly through the thujone they contain (Magic Sight Tincture, p. 256). Placed under the pillow, especially wrapped in purple velvet, they have a similar effect— slightly weaker but safer for the user. A strongly protective herb, mugwort repels misfortune during travels. Hung under a roof, it protects the building from fire, lightning, and all forms of evil. Thrown into the fire, it creates an anti-lightning barrier, even during the fiercest of storms, natural or magical. Use an oil of mugwort to consecrate the tools of divination, like crystal balls and prisms, and magical instruments made of silver, moonstone, or pearls. The oil not only prepares the tools for use, but also bestows a part of its powers, making scrying rituals easier and more precise.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Mugwort is slightly toxic and should not be used while pregnant, as it might cause miscarriage. Large, prolonged dosage may damage the nervous system.
| 169
MULLEIN
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.64 Mullein a. flowering top; b. flower; c. leaf; d. seed
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, meadows, pastures, and forest clearings 150—200 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
leaves, flowers, root, and seeds
Flowers Leaves
170 |
Scrophulariaceae | figworts
yellow, June—August basal rosette and opposite on the stalk, thick, hairy, whitish
Mullein Verbascum thapsus
Also known as: Hag’s Taper. Shepherd’s Club. Blanket Herb. Golden Rod.
A common herb used medicinally in pectoral and skin complaints. It brings courage, protection, and a connection to the elemental plane of fire.
DESCRIPTION
During the first year, the plant grows abasal rosette of thick, silvery-green leaves covered in dense hairs. They feel like coarse velvet—not something to be held against the skin for a long time. During the second year, mullein produces astalk, often as tall as an adult human, covered with opposite leaves and ending with a flowering top. Each of the yellow flowers lasts only a day, opening at dawn and wilting by sunset. After flowering, the entire plant dies and the flower stock remains like human-sized stakes in a field.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Mullein is often found in disturbed, inhabited areas, near roads, on meadows and pastures. It typically does well in dry, sandy soils, but cannot withstand shade. While frost- and wind-resistant, it will not grow under maritime exposure. The plant is self-fertile and pollinated by flies, moths, and butterflies. Mullein has a high weed potential—animals rarely graze on it because of the hairs, and burning is ineffective, as it only clears out the space for new plants to grow from the seeds which can survive up to 1000 years in the soil.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the flowers as they bloom (only a few at a time), then air dry; cover in oil for an easy to apply medicine. Gather leaves when available; they require little effort and will keep for years if stored in a dry place. The hairs on the leaves are stiff and irritating; strain or filter any teas and infusions to remove them.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Mullein leaf tea is aromatic and bitter. For a sweeter flavor, use fresh or dried flowers.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The plant possesses slight sedative and narcotic properties, but is primarily used in chest complaints, to alleviate cough, cure cold, or heal lung bleeding and other complaints. In the last case, both drinking the infusion and smoking the leaves in a pipe bring similar results. Powdered root and flower oil help with skin rashes and infections, rashes, eczemas, warts, boils, and hemorrhoids.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Closely connected with the element of fire, mullein serves as an offering when summoning fire spirits and contacting the elemental plane of fire. The downy leaves and stems are often placed as wicks in magical lamps, as they ignite at the slightest spark, and the whole plants can be dipped in wax or oil and used as torches during magical rituals, particularly when the veil between the worlds is thin. Dried and powdered mullein leaves work as a replacement in spells calling for graveyard dust. Dried stalks may replace a corpse in some rituals, but you should probably not perform those. Mullein brings courage in battle (see Elixir of Heroes, p. 256) and protection from evil spirits and magic; hang it over doors or carry in sachets. Burned, it banishes demons and negativity. Leaves and flowers keep wild animals at bay when hiking through the wilderness.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The hairs on the plant are an irritant, and the leaves contain small amounts of rotenone, used as an insecticide, and coumarin that can prevent blood from clotting. The seeds are poisonous to fish.
| 171
MYRRH
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.65 Myrrh a. branch with spines; b. flowers and leaves; c. dried resin
Family Habitat Size
warm desert scrublands 1—4 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
resin
Flowers Leaves
172 |
Burseraceae | torchwoods
yellowish, inconspicuous oblong, in sets of three leaflets
Myrrh Commiphora myrrha
Also known as: Gum Myrrh Tree. Mirra. Karan.
An aromatic resin used medicinally to cure toothaches and rejuvenate the body. As an incense, it purifies and consecrates the space, connecting it to the Underworld.
DESCRIPTION
A spiky shrub or a small tree of sturdy build, with knotted branches. Branchlets are all growing at a right angle, each ending in a sharp spine. Small trifoliate leaves grow in small clumps, accompanied by easy to miss, yellowish flowers. The silvery, bluish bark covers ducts, fissures, and cavities inside the branches filled with a resinous secretion that seeps out if the bark is wounded. The pale yellow liquid hardens to a red-brownish, brittle mass with rough, uneven surface. The resin is aromatic, but acrid and bitter in flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A plant of dry tropics and subtropics, myrrhs grows in thickets in desert shrublands, preferably in full sun and on low-nutrient soils. Myrrh is rarely cultivated; most of the resin is collected in the wild. It can be propagated through seeds or hardwood cuttings at the end of a growing season.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Wound the tree and let it secrete the resin; it is waxy and coagulates quickly. Multiple cuts speed up the foraging process immensely, but take care to not harm the tree in your greed. The gum becomes hard and glossy after harvesting; keep it intact to preserve the aroma or grind into powder for easy dosage. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, making it fit for all kinds of tinctures and washes.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
In small amounts, use the resin as flavoring of sweets, baked goods, beverages, and desserts. Added to chewing gum, it freshens the breath, treats mouth problems, and relieves digestive complaints.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Myrrh is a strong antiseptic and expectorant stimulant; use it in bronchial and ear infections, fevers, tonsillitis, menstrual and circulatory problems. It relieves spasms and reduces inflammations, promoting healing and relaxation. Externally, use it to treat mouth ulcers, gingivitis, wounds, acne, hemorrhoids, boils, and syphilis.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
The incense purifies the area, brings peace, and aids concentration and meditation. The smoke consecrates amulets and ritual tools, additionally raising the magician’s awareness of the energies flowing through the ritual or spell being performed, which makes it particularly beneficial for novice spellcasters or those experimenting with new magics (Deep Focus, p. 266). Use myrrh to connect with the realm of the dead to ask for advice or open a portal in either direction. It promotes feelings of peace and solitude, bringing respite in personal sorrows (Chill Pill, p. 259). Myrrh is often mixed with other substances, like frankincense, dragon blood, and similar resins. The addition of myrrh strengthens the effect of other incenses.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Do not use during pregnancy, as it stimulates menstrual flow and may cause a miscarriage. Do not use undiluted, and test for any allergic reaction before applying treatment. Side effects include skin rash if applied externally and diarrhea if taken internally. Large doses (2—4 g) are unsafe and can cause kidney irritation and heart rate changes.
| 173
NETTLE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.66 Nettle a. adult plant; b. fruits; c. leaf and stingers
Family Habitat Size
temperate, moist wastes, gardens, fields, and forests 30—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
174 |
Urticaceae | nettles
green, May—October cordate, toothed, with stinging hairs
Nettle Urtica dioica
Also known as: Stinging Nettle. Stinger. Burn Hazel.
A common stinging weed found in forests, gardens, and ditches. A powerful tool against hexes and curses, nettles can break even the strongest enchantments.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial, herbaceous plant with erect, unbranching stems and cordate, serrated, opposite leaves. Nettles are covered in hollow stinging hairs, which act as hypodermic needles, injecting histamine, formic acid, and other chemicals, causing a burning sensation and contact dermatitis. Tiny green and yellowish flowers are arranged in catkin-like inflorescences. The flat and dull seeds turn yellowish brown when ripe.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
sting, leaving leaves similar to spinach in flavor. Nettle tea is bland and warming, but the wine and beer have their connoisseurs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use the tea to treat hay fever, anaemia, arthritis, or as a tonic and blood purifier. It induces inflammation and other primary immune responses, stems internal bleedings, alleviates skin conditions (eczema), and helps with rheumatism. The infusion of fresh leaves is asoothing balm for burns.
Nettles are widespread throughout the temperate zones. They prefer moist and semi-shaded environments, forests or meadows, and are a good sign of soil health. Often treated as aweed in gardens, they are sometimes cultivated as vegetables, a source of fiber, a green manure for flowers, or a magical component. Cultivation of nettles requires little effort; provide it with enough moisture and make sure both male and female plants are present, as nettles are not self-fertile.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Held in a hand, nettles ward off ghosts, allowing for safe exploration of haunted areas and giving protection during exorcisms and contacting the dead. Mixed with yarrow, nettles bolster courage and counteract fear, whether mundane or caused by magic (Elixir of Heroes, p. 256).
Collect young shoots for consumption and mature plants for other uses. To avoid the stings, wear gloves. If necessary to gather the herb without them, use a firm grasp; a delicate touch breaks the needles and causes the stings, while a more decisive gesture will flatten them and stop from piercing the skin. Nettle juice is an antidote for its sting; apply to the skin for instant relief. Dry the herb or use fresh.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Young shoots are a valuable vegetable, easy to digest and high in minerals and vitamins. Add them to a soup or cook as potherb; cooking the leaves or drying them neutralizes the
Nettles are a powerful protective herb, especially useful for breaking hexes, curses, and enchantments. Carry the herb in a sachet or a poppet to remove a curse and send it back, sprinkle it around the house to keep the malicious magic out and reflect it to the source. Clothing made from nettle fiber will break the strongest enchantments, and is especially useful against forced shapeshifting or polymorphism.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
The stinging hairs cause irritation of the skin and can cause severe allergic reactions. Older leaves develop cystoliths, which can inflame and damage kidneys; this is why only young sprouts are edible. Avoid during pregnancy and do not mix with central nervous system depression drugs, like morphine or alcohol.
| 175
OAK
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.67 Oak a. leaves and young acorns of Q. robur; b. acorn of Q. alba; c. autumn leaf of Q. rubra
Family Habitat
cool to tropical, hardwood forests
Size
up to 40 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
wood, bark, and acorns
Flowers
yellowish catkins, June
Leaves
176 |
fa*gaceae | beeches
oblong, lobed
Oak Quercus spp.
Also known as: Diur. Jove’s Nuts. Tanner’s Bark.
A slow-growing deciduous tree symbolizing strength and protection. Often hosts to powerful spirits, oaks guard people and animals against all harm and illness.
DESCRIPTION
Oaks are a genus encompassing about 500 species of trees and shrubs. They are usually slow-growing but extremely long-lived; the oldest clonal colony, Jurupa Oak, has been growing for 13,000 years, and many others reach a millennium. Most of the species are deciduous, carrying spirally-arranged leaves with lobate or serrated margins and small flowers arranged in catkins. The fruits, called acorns, are hard nuts of various size, each containing one or two seeds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Popular in various climates, oak grows both in hardwood forests between other trees, and in solitary places. Due to its symbolic and magical value, it is often planted in central position: on a hill or in the middle of a village. Left to its own devices, it propagates slowly: only one in thousands of acorns will grow into a tree, and the germination itself takes up to three years. Plant oaks whenever possible; they are susceptible to disease and can never be overplanted.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather bark or wood when needed and acorns when available. The timber is particularly valuable, being both hard and tough. Never harvest anything from oak on which mistletoe grows; these oaks are sacred and are better used to hold rituals under their living branches.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Seeds are edible; remove the tannins before consumption due to the powerfully bitter flavor. Cook them, changing water constantly until it no longer turns brown or place the seeds in a running stream for several days. Dry thoroughly, grind to powder, use as flour.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
High tannin content makes oak extremely astringent and antiseptic. Use a decoction of bark to treat haemorrhages, diarrhoea, and dysentery. Apply the bruised leaves to heal wounds. A decoction of powdered bark and acorns, mixed with milk, is an antidote to poisonous herbs and animal toxins.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Oak offers protection to all that wear it in any form, from a wreath of leaves to a single acorn carried in a pocket. Two twigs crossed and bound with red twine into an even-armed cross are a powerful amulet bringing balance and protection from evil. Plant the tree to create an area of peace, prosperity, and stability; while the process takes a long time, the future generations will appreciate it. Hold meetings and gatherings under the branches if the matters require maturity and common sense. To ensure good health, longevity, and preserve youthfulness, carry an acorn or an oak leaf at all times. It also strengthens sexual potency and fertility. Burn oak wood in front of a sick person to expel the disease from their body. Catch a leaf falling from a tree to protect yourself from colds and fevers during the next winter. Plant an acorn during new moon or a lunar eclipse to ensure quick income.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Oak is safe for human consumption, after leaching of the tannins, but poisonous to cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. Domestic and wild pigs, however, can be fed acorns without any adverse effects.
| 177
OREGANO
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.68 Oregano a. flowering top; b. flowers; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm meadows, forests, and herb gardens 20—80 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
178 |
Lamiaceae | mints
purple, June—August hairy, ovate
Oregano Origanum vulgare
Also known as: Wild Marjoram. Wintersweet. Joy of the Mountain.
A popular garden herb, prized for its culinary properties. Used extensively in love magic, it brings the lovers closer together, and strengthens relationships.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous perennial plant growing woody stems, branching at the top. Stems and leaves are either green or purplish, depending on the cultivar. Covered in fine hairs, the leaves are abundant and oval or elliptical in shape. The flowers are borne in corymbs of purple to white petals. The whole plant has a strong, balsamic scent and a slightly bitter flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Oregano prefers calcerous, dry soils, and grows abundantly on meadows, hillsides, and in open woodlands. Requiring little but sun and some moisture, it is easy to cultivate, hardy and frost-resistant. Because it dies back in the winter, it can be grown as an annual in colder climates. Self-fertile and pollinated by insects, it attracts lots of wildlife, making it doubly useful in herb gardens. Propagate it by seeds in the spring or by root division in the autumn.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather as little or as much as needed for fresh use. For drying, cut the whole plant near the ground on a dry day, tie in bunches and hang upside-down until all moisture evaporates. Crush and grind to the desired roughness and texture.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use leaves dried or fresh in salads, as flavoring in dressings, vegetables, and legumes. Oregano makes a perfect match with garlic, onions, chillies, and other strong flavors. Dry leaves retain the flavor and aroma of the fresh plant. The commercial spice known as oregano is often a mix of O. vulgare with related species of milder flavor, O. majorana (available separately as marjoram) and O. onites.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Oregano has a positive effect on the digestive and respiratory systems. Use it internally as tea to treat colds, fevers, indigestion, and painful menstruations. It stimulates menstrual flow and should not be used during pregnancy. In large quantities, it has a sedative effect, but as a mild tea it soothes the nerves and brings restful sleep.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use oregano and its cousin marjoram in love spells to strengthen the bond in pre-existing relationships. Use it in rituals to communicate with the love deity of your choice and ask for their blessing. Sprinkle dried herb over newlyweds or put a spring of the herb in the bouquet to bestow luck and mutual understanding in marriage. Mix it with violets in a sachet and carry it during the cold months of the year to avoid seasonal illnesses, like cold and flu. Grow oregano in a pot in your house to raise the positive energy levels, bring happiness, and disperse negative thoughts. Plant it around the house to ward off evil spirits. The power of oregano stretches beyond the physical realm. Place a sprig under your pillow or wear a wreath at night to bring peaceful sleep and visions of the future. Mixed with calendula, thyme, and wormwood, it brings forth dreams about one’s current or future beloved—useful for both learning who they will be and checking on the already known ones (Lover's Visage, p. 264). Plant oregano on a grave; if it grows and flowers abundantly, it means the soul of the departed is enjoying a peaceful and joyful experience in the realms beyond.
| 179
PARSLEY
c.
d.
a.
b.
Fig. 3.69 Parsley a. flat-leaved cultivar; b. curly-leaved cultivar; c. flowers; d. second-year taproot
Family Habitat Size
temperate to tropical, grass wastes and gardens 25—75 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
180 |
Apiaceae | celeries
yellowish, June—September triangular, flat or curly
Parsley Petroselinum crispum
Also known as: Devil’s Oatmeal. Ache. Garden Parsley. Herb of Death.
An aromatic culinary herb, closely connected with the realm of the dead and evil spirits. It protects food from contamination and removes the odor of garlic.
DESCRIPTION
A biennial herb, growing a basal rosette of deep-green, tripinnate leaves on stiff stalks and a white taproot, storing the nutrients overwinter. In the second year, parsley grows flowering stalks similar to other celeries, topped with umbels of yellow or yellowish-green flowers. It is mild and sweet in flavor and has a pleasant, aromatic scent. Parsley bears a striking resemblance to the toxic fool’s parsley (Aethusa cynapium), which is a noxious, foul-smelling weed closely related to hemlock.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Parsley prefers moist, well-draining soil and full sun exposure for the best yield. The seeds germinate slowly, over four to six weeks, and while the plant does not require a lot of care, it is said to grow best for those who are wicked at heart. The plant usually dies after the seeds mature, but can be kept for longer if deadheaded.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For best culinary value, harvest the plant in the first year; young leaves are sweetest and the taproot aromatic and delicate. Use them fresh, dried, or frozen. For medicinal use, dig out the root at the end of the second year, after the seeds are produced. Gather the parsley on Friday, under the waxing moon, for the strongest magical properties. Do not cut parsley if you are in love, as you are at risk of putting an end to your feelings at the same time.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Various cultivars of parsley are available depending on the culinary needs: flat- and curly-leaved, with enlarged taproots, or thicker, celery-like stalks. Use the herb as
a garnish, in soups, salads, and sauces; it is high in vitamins, flavonoids, and antioxidants. Eat the taproot like parsnips, cooked separately or in a soup or casserole. Parsley seeds are an aromatic addition to meats, imparting a stronger flavor than the leaves.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
A powerful diuretic, parsley has a strong effect on the kidneys, helping them clean themselves and remove kidney stones. The infusion of root promotes the liver’s health in jaundice. It is nervine and sedative, but the effect is relatively weak.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Parsley is the herb of the Underworld. Use it to adorn corpses and tombs to send the dead peacefully into their realm. Offer it as a gift in rituals of communing with the dead and summoning their souls. Parsley purifies bodies and spirits, disturbing and expelling evil spirits. Placed on aplate or used as garnish, it protects the food from contamination. If the dish is poisoned, parsley will wilt quickly. A wreath of leaves worn during a feast protects from inebriation, as the herb purifies the body from alcohol. Eaten, it removes the scent of garlic from breath, which is not in itself magical, but works like a charm. Fed to a horse, parsley increases the steed’s endurance, sure-footedness, and speed, as well as adds extra shine to its coat. Parsley provokes lust and increases fertility thanks to its connection to the motherly aspect of the nature deities. Draw a herbal bath to invoke those powers and bestow ahealthy pregnancy, but avoid excessive ingestion while pregnant.
| 181
PEONY
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.70 Peony a. flowering stem of P. lactiflora; b. flower; c. seed pods; d. seeds
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate gardens andmountains 50—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers, roots, and seeds
Flowers
white to red, May—July
Leaves
182 |
Paeoniaceae | peonies
compound, deeply lobed
Peony Paeonia spp.
Also known as: Paeony. Piney.
A highly ornamental plant with showy flowers, used in exorcisms and as protection against evil spirits, fey, imps, and incubi. The root is a mandrake substitute.
DESCRIPTION
Most peony species are herbaceous perennial plants, carrying compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, usually fragrant flowers, ranging from white to deep purple. The flowers are short-lived and delicate, but highly valued for their ornamental properties. Years of horticulture have created simple, double, anemone-like, and pompon-like inflorescences. Flowers close at night or when the day is overcast, and open on sunny days.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
The natural habitat of peonies are temperate mountain ranges, but the various species have been cultivated in gardens for centuries. The herbaceous species, like the most popular P. lactiflora, die back to ground level each autumn and reappear in the spring. Propagate them by seeds or root division. Peonies create a mutually beneficial relationship with ants, which feed on the nectar and protect the flowers from other insects and dangers.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather flowers when in bloom. Do not separate the petals by force; instead, let them fall naturally from a living or cut flower. Collect the seeds under waxing moon, when their magical properties are at their peak, and away from any woodpeckers that could take offense. The root, despite the legends, can be foraged at any time and does not require the same treatment as mandrake root.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Parboil and sweeten the peony petals for atea-time delicacy or add them to a salad as an edible decoration. Peony-infused water or lemonade is a refreshing summer drink.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The main species used medicinally is P. officinalis, cultivated for the roots. Dried and powdered, it is an antispasmodic and tonic, helpful in cases of convulsions and epilepsy. An infusion of powdered root, taken in wine glass doses, helps in liver complaints.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Peonies are used in exorcisms and barrier spells, to repel and extract evil spirits from people, items, and areas. Worn, preferably as a necklace of seeds on a white silk thread, they guard the body, spirit, and soul from attacks and attempts at possession. Grown in the garden, they repel storms and ghosts. Keep the flowers and seeds near sleeping children to protect them from fairies and fey trying to replace them with a changeling. Peony roots carried in a sachet with coral and flint keep away the incubi. Powdered seeds, taken in wine or mead in the evening, put a stop to nightmares and night terrors, bring peaceful sleep, and protect the user from all dream magic. Peony roots are a much cheaper substitute for mandrake; just like mandrake's, they are often carved and processed into beads used in production of amulets and charms. Closely connected to both solar and lunar energies, peonies bring balance in life and magic. They carry the light in themselves, and have been often described glowing with moonlight in the darkest nights, guiding the shepherds and travelers to safety. They dispel all negative associations of darkness, enhance the power of shadow magic, and protect the mage from the negative side effects of delving into forbidden lore.
| 183
PINE
b.
c.
d.
a.
e.
Fig. 3.71 Pine a. P. silvestris branch; b. P. pinea unshelled seeds; c. P. pinea shelled seeds; d. P. pinea cone; e. P. pinea needles
Family Habitat Size
worldwide, from semi-arid deserts torainforests 3—80 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
lumber, bark, seeds, resin, cones
Flowers Leaves
184 |
Pinaceae | pines
cones spirally arranged, in adult form: needleshaped
Pine Pinus spp.
Also known as: Fir.
A large genus of coniferous trees with edible seeds, wound-healing resin, and powerful counter-magical properties. The pine pitch protects the boat from sinking.
DESCRIPTION
Most pines are trees reaching 15—45 m, while several rare species grow as shrubs. The majority have straight, unbranched, cylindrical trunks with straight-grain, strong lumber. Bark is usually thick and scaly, and the branches are arranged in a tight spiral resembling whorls. The same spiral arrangement appears in leaves and cones.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Pines have declared most of the world their natural habitat; you will find them anywhere from the arctic to subtropical zone, from semi-arid deserts to rainforests. Most species prefer cold and temperate climates, and often grow into vast light forests on sandy loams, sands, limestones, and peat bogs. Pines withstand both poor soil and maritime exposure, live anywhere between acentury and a millennium, and grow fast enough to be a valuable and sustainable source of lumber. Some species of pines require forest fires to sprout or regenerate.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
In temperate climate, pines grown for timber are ready to cut down after 20—25 years, but older wood is higher in value. All pines yield resin, although the amounts vary greatly between the species. Tap the trees to extract the resin, then distill it to create oil of turpentine, tar or pitch. Gather the adult needles at any time of the year, but pick the green and healthy ones.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
All pine seeds, also called nuts, are edible and nutritious, but only about 20 species grow seeds large enough to make consumption worth the energy spent on collecting. They are high in fat and protein and may be
eaten raw, dried, or roasted. The inner bark is edible and rich in vitamins A and C—as is the infusion of young, green pine needles.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use pine resin for burns, wounds, and dermal complaints. It is a rubefacient, an irritant, and a diuretic, useful in bladder and kidney troubles. Externally, in the form of plasters and inhalants, it brings relief in arthritic and rheumatic inflammation, as well as in pulmonary troubles.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Dried resin is a slow-burning and pleasantly scented incense that cleanses the space of negative energy and residue of earlier magic. Use the incense or burn the needles to remove traces of previously cast spells or performed rituals. As a counter-magic herb, pine repels and bounces back the harmful energies. Pine sawdust not only makes a good base for incense mixes, but also allows for an easy clean-up and counteracting of spilled magical potions. Carry the cones to increase fertility and ensure vigor and mental acuity in old age. Gather a seed-bearing cone on Midsummer and eat one pine nut from it each day to make yourself immune to gunshots. Use pine tar to caulk a boat and give it magical protection on the waters. Such vessel won't sink in a storm; the tar deters attacks of marine animals and makes maneuvering easier, even on rowdy waters. Pine-based Universal Solvent (p. 262) is the best solvent for resins, wax, fats, and sulphur, and—much diluted—a prime ingredient of magical paints and varnishes.
| 185
PLANTAIN
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.72 Plantain a. plant in bloom; b. leaf; c. root
Family Habitat
worldwide, wastes and cultivated areas
Size
10—15 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and root
Flowers Leaves
186 |
Plantaginaceae | plantains
greenish-brown, May—June oval, with parallel veins
Plantain Plantago major
Also known as: Ripple Grass. Snakeweed. Waybread. White Man's Foot.
A popular weed capable of overtaking any stretch of grass, valued for unparalleled medicinal usefulness in healing wounds, rashes, aches, and fevers.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial weed growing a basal rosette of oval, hairless leaves with parallel venation and entire or irregularly dentate margins. The club-like flowering stalks grow above the foliage and are covered in small, greenish-brown wind-pollinated flowers. A single plant can produce up to 20,000 tiny, bitter seeds. The leaves and the fleshy, whitish root are mildly saline. Do not confuse it with banana plantain (genus Musa).
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
It is near impossible to go through life and not encounter plantain. It grows in virtually any environment, from roadsides to deepest forests, taking over any stretch of land. It grows through the cracks in the road, and in best-kept gardens. Cultivation of plantain is unnecessary. It propagates itself freely and widely; the seeds are held in capsules that grow sticky in humid weather and attach themselves to humans and animals, sometimes traveling long distances across the lands, seas, and skies before falling to the ground and germinating.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather the fresh leaves, wash them, and bruise until the juice is extracted, then apply the leaves directly to the skin or a wound. Outside the field conditions, bruise the leaves and extract the juice, then store the liquid in a cold place for later use.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat the young leaves raw in a salad or asandwich. Older, sturdier leaves are better cooked or steamed, as they become tough and fibrous with age. Ground the seeds into flour substitute. Mix it with butter or honey for a sweet and healthy treat.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Fresh leaves are a natural and easily available remedy for cuts, wounds, bruises, and rashes. It is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and slightly antibiotic. Plantain juice or a decoction of the leaves has astringent, diuretic, and refrigerant properties, reducing fevers and bringing a pleasant feeling of cold to an overheating body. It reduces the absorption of fat and cholesterol, protects the digestive tract and bowels from ruptures and irritation.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Medicinal properties of plantain reach outside of the physical realm and into magical practice. Bound with red wool, plantain cures headaches and diseases of the private parts. Place the leaves under your feet to remove fatigue and weariness; carry them in your shoes for a prolonged effect. Plantain has the power of mending everything that was torn apart. Mix juice with honey and use this salve to mend what was broken, internally or externally; with a proper incantation, plantain will also fix inanimate objects, homunculi, and constructs (Mending Paste, p. 258). A staple ingredient of all kinds of healing potions, plantain is the most affordable of medicinal herbs thanks to its abundance. It is particularly effective in healing wounds dealt in combat or by other violent actions. Carry a piece of the root in the pocket to protect yourself from snakebites. Throw leaves or flowerspikes at an enraged or rabid animal to quickly calm it down and cure the disease. Hang the leaves in a cart, acarriage, or other vehicle to protect it from misfortune and malignant spirits.
| 187
POMEGRANATE
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.73 Pomegranate a. flowering branch; b. fruit; c. cut fruit and ripe seeds in sarcotestas
Family Habitat Size
warm to tropical, usually cultivated 5—10 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
roots, bark, fruits, seeds, and flowers
Flowers Leaves
188 |
Lythraceae | loosestrifes
orange to crimson, April—June oblong or lanceolate, leathery
Pomegranate Punica granatum
Also known as: Grenadier. Pound Garnet.
A deciduous shrub or a small tree carrying showy flowers and fruits full of edible seeds. Used in wish magic and divination, it brings luck, wealth, and fertility.
DESCRIPTION
A small, long-lived tree or a shrub, growing multiple spiny branches. The mature specimens develop multiple trunks covered in pale, brownish bark. The leaves are almost evergreen, oblong to lanceolate, long and leathery. Large separate flowers with elongated calyx range from dark orange to deep red. The fruits, similar in size to oranges, have thick, leathery rind, usually dark purple or rich red in color. The interior is separated by membranous walls and spongy tissue into compartments filled with 200 to 1,400 seeds covered in fleshy seedcoats (sarcotestas). The flavor of the seeds vary depending on the cultivar, ranging from very sweet to acidic or even bitter.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Pomegranates thrive in a dry or semi-dry warm climate, and are usually cultivated for the fruits or as ornamental trees. They withstand drought and moderate frost, but not overwatering and fungal diseases. It is both self-pollinated and cross-pollinated by insects, but rarely bears fruit outside of its preferred warm and dry conditions.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
The fruits ripen 6—7 months after flowering and the process cannot the sped up with chemicals or even magic. The fruit is ready for harvest if it makes a dry, metallic sound when tapped. If left on the tree, it will crack and release the seeds to the ground. There are many ways of extracting the seeds from the fruits; most popular include cutting the fruit open in a bowl of water or scoring the fruit with a spoon and turning it upside down over a bowl. Cooking the fruits yields a pitch-black ink, used for writing and as a fabric dye.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat the seeds raw or extract the juice for drinking; condensed and sweetened, the juice becomes a syrup known as grenadine. Add seeds to salads, desserts, sauces, glazes, dips, ice creams, curries, or liqueurs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Most parts of pomegranate, especially the rind, are astringent in nature, useful in treating diarrhea, dysentery, and fevers. Adecoction of bark and root gets rid of tapeworms, and causes nausea and vomiting.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use the seeds to increase fertility and bestow blessings. To learn how many children you will have, throw a ripe fruit at the ground; the number of seeds that fall out is the answer. Always make a wish before eating apomegranate as it has the power of making them come true; some say one can stretch this ability by eating each seed separately and making a different wish for each. Use a flowering branch to discover hidden treasures; carry a piece of the rind or burn it as incense to attract wealth. The juice makes a quality magical ink, particularly suited to writing magical formulae of prosperity and power; it can also substitute for blood in spells and potions. The crown-shaped calyx on the pomegranate fruit makes it suited for magic connected to the royalty and aristocracy, invoking the highest of gods, or bestowing dignity or inspiring loyalty. Some say it is the original design for the first crowns, and as such, carries the magic of sovereignty over people, bending them to one's will.
| 189
POPPY
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.74 Poppy a. flowering P. rhoeas; b. flower of P. somniferum; c. dried seed pod and seeds of P. somniferum
Family Habitat Size
cold to tropical, fields, roadsides, grasslands, and gardens 30—70 cm
Life cycle
annual, biennial, or perennial
Foraging
flowers, seeds, latex
Flowers Leaves
190 |
Papaveraceae | poppies
white to dark purple, April—September large, lobed
Poppy Papaver spp.
Also known as: Corn Poppy. Headache. Breadseed Poppy. Mawseed.
A highly-decorative flower cultivated for its edible seeds, analgesic and sedative latex. It brings forth natural or magical sleep, prophetic dreams, and love.
DESCRIPTION
From all poppies in the Papaver genus, two are of interests to a herbalist: theweedy P. rhoeas (corn or field poppy), with its characteristic large, vivid-red flowers and stems covered in coarse hairs, and the P. somniferum (opium or breadseed poppy), with bluish-grey smoother stems and white to purple flowers, usually with darker markings at the base. All species of poppies exude milky latex when their tissues are broken and create round capsules full of minuscule seeds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Poppies grow abundantly in various climates, they are both drought- and frost-resistant, and propagate easily by seed. Many species are cultivated for their ornamental value; however, corn poppy is often considered a field weed, while plantations of breadseed poppy are kept for culinary and medicinal use. Note that growing poppies, as well as eating or possessing the seeds, is illegal in some countries.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
and mix with sugar into a creamy, nut-like sweet cake filling.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
P. somniferum latex contains opium, consisting several analgesic alkaloids (morphine, codeine, and thebaine) with strong hypnotic, sedative, and antispasmodic effect. The alkaloids are addictive, and should not be used lightly and without a certified healer's oversight. P. rhoeas contains rhoeadine, which is a milder sedative.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use seeds and flowers in mixtures and potions bringing sleep and dream visions. Place a sachet with poppy seeds under the pillow to attract prophetic dreams and visions of the future. Write a question on apiece of white paper, place it in an empty seed pod, and sleep with it under the pillow; the answer will appear in your dream. To quickly induce sleep, sprinkle poppy seeds over a person; such sleep can be prolonged indefinitely by magical means.
Collect petals when in bloom into muslin bags; handle with care and move to processing as soon as possible, with minimal handling to avoid bruising. To collect latex, make an incision on a green seed pod and gather the oozing out substance once dried. For safe consumption, gather poppy seeds 20 days after the flowers bloom.
Eat or carry poppy seeds to attract luck and wealth, as well as promote fertility and strengthen love. Added to food, poppy seeds can induce romantic feelings and lust if charged with such intent. The effect of the magical infatuation can be broken with geranium or other curse-breaking herbs.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Large doses of opium cause drowsiness, slow pulse, slow and shallow breathing, and ultimately coma. It is absorbed slowly; use emetics in treatment, use artificial respiration if necessary, and keep the patient awake by walking, cold showers, caffeine, or smelling salts.
Make a syrup from corn poppy petals; they yield a deep-red dye, perfect as food coloring. Fresh petals and seeds are edible raw or in salads; dried petals make a good addition to herbal teas. Use breadseed poppy seeds to decorate bread or mill them
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
| 191
PRIMROSE
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.75 Primrose a. plant in bloom; b. pin flower; c. thrum flower
Family Habitat
temperate open woods, meadows, hedgerows, and slopes
Size
10—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
192 |
Primulaceae | primroses
pale yellow, white, or pink, February—May near evergreen, in basal rosette
Primrose Primula vulgaris
Also known as: Butter Rose. Password.
A flowering perennial of the early spring, a particularly powerful tool in fey magic. It opens the passageways to the fey realms and protects from fey mischief.
DESCRIPTION
A small herbaceous plant growing a basal rosette of oblong, hairy, crinkled leaves with prominent veins and irregular margins. The root is knotty, full of branching rootlets. In early spring, primrose grows multiple flowering stems with large, flat flowers—usually pale white, but yellow and pink petals are common in nature, and many others were created in cultivation. Primroses produce two types of flowers: pin flowers, with the style prominent, and thrum flowers, with the stamens prominent. Fertilization can usually only take place between a pin and thrum flower.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Primroses prefer a temperate climate, but they are not frost tender. They thrive in acidic soil, usually clay, with good drainage and light shade. They are commonly found in open woodlands, on meadows, by the streams, hedgerows, and pathways. Popular in gardens, they attract multiple pollinators: bumblebees, butterflies, and beetles.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather the whole herb when in bloom and use fresh. Dig out the root in the autumn, from two- or three-year-old plants, clean with a brush in cold water, and dry for later use in infusions.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The whole plant is edible. Young leaves taste similar to lettuce and do well in salads. Older leaves, somewhat bitterer, are better as a potherb, mixed with other plants. Regardless of age, they are rich in vitamin C. Use flowers as garnish or ferment them with water and sugar to make apleasant and intoxicating wine.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Primrose is often used in treatment of muscular rheumatism, paralysis, and gout. It is antispasmodic and antiparasitic. A tincture of the fresh plant (or, to a smaller degree, primrose wine) helps with restlessness, nervous headaches, insomnia, and sensory overstimulation.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Primroses are strongly associated with fey magic. A favorite of fairies (see Fey-Tal Attraction, p. 261), they bring protection from mischief and theft, invite the good-natured fey to visit, and sometimes even inspire them to gift-giving. Any place where primroses grow in abundance may hold a portal to the fey realm—pick a number of flowers and touch them to the largest rock nearby to open the passage. Any number will work, but unless it is the specific, correct number, a curse will befall the user, usually nonlethal. The surrounding area often contains the clues to the password. These spring flowers usually bloom around the time when chickens and goslings hatch, and therefore, hold a peculiar power over young birds. Do not bring a single primrose flower to your house, or all hatchlings will die; there must me at least 13 flowers to ensure safety. Primroses sewn inside a child's pillow ensure their complete loyalty and undying respect. Like all enchantments of this kind, the effect is considered a curse for the purposes of breaking it. In magical practice, primrose symbolizes hope, love, and affection, and bestows its power on those in need of consolation.
| 193
PURSLANE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.76 Purslane a. herb; b. flower; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
warm to tropical, fields androadsides 30—40 cm
Life cycle
annual
Foraging
herb, juice, and seeds
Flowers Leaves
194 |
Portulacaceae | purslanes
yellow, blooming after rainfall succulent, obovate, with purple margin
Purslane Portulaca oleracea
Also known as: Pigweed. Duckweed. Little Hogweed. Pussly.
A nutritious leafy vegetable with the power of quenching thirst even on the hottest day. It keeps the darkness and its monsters at bay, both the corporeal and mental.
DESCRIPTION
An annual herb with smooth, reddish, often prostrate stems on which grow opposite or alternate fleshy, succulent leaves, oval to tear-shaped with reddish margin, and often clustered at joints and stem ends. Small yellow flowers appear after rainfall, and they unfold their heart-shaped petals only on a sunny, warm day, then close after four hours. Purslane has a salty, sour flavor, strongest if collected in the morning.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Purslane is a fast-growing, widely distributed herb—in many places considered aweed, regardless of its usefulness. It prefers warm and dry climate, grows on sandy fields and roadsides. Requiring little to no effort in cultivation, purslane germinates, grows, blooms and sets seeds within six weeks. A great companion plant, purslane provides ground cover and created a humid microclimate for other plants. The roots mine water and nutrients from deep soil and break the ground, making it easier for other plants to follow.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the entire plant or cut back to a couple centimeters above ground to ensure another harvest in 4—6 weeks. Juice the fresh leaves for medicinal purposes or use raw and bruised; the plant is over 90% water and very easy to prepare.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat leaves, stems, and flowerbuds raw (in small doses) or cooked as a vegetable. It is most palatable in salads or stir-fried, but the mucilaginous quality make is also suited as a thickening for soups and stews. The ash of burnt plants is a salt substitute.
Purslane is most nutritious and sustaining even during long trips through arid plains. High in vitamins and fatty acids, fast and inexpensive to grow, is a staple vegetable of hotter climates.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Put a leaf under the tongue to quench the thirst; do not use too often due to malic and oxalic acids present. Apply bruised plant to the temples to allay heat, treat heatstroke, and remove headaches caused by fevers. Chew the plant or drink the juice to cure sore mouth, swollen gums, and tooth issues. The juice, mixed with honey, brings relief in dry coughs, thirst, and shortness of breath.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Purslane has a complete control over night terrors (Goodnight Wine, p. 263). Sew it into a pillow or place fresh cuttings by the bed to eliminate any bad dreams, magical or mundane. It removes the fear of darkness in people and animals, and keeps at bay all evil spirits or shadowy creatures that call darkness their home. The power of purslane is the strongest when the circ*mstances are the most hopeless. Drink the juice daily to fill yourself with positive, radiant energy that counteracts the darkness of the mind and spirit, and increases mental resistance against dark spirits. Purslane slowly affects one's mindset, bringing more positive thoughts and outlooks. A staunch protector, purslane is often used in amulets against all evil, from lightning to unfortunate alignment of planets, to gunpowder. It shows anti-magic properties and has been successfully used in creating counter-curses and protective circles.
| 195
RASPBERRY
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.77 Raspberry a. branch with mature and immature fruits; b. flower; c. fruit; d. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate forests, hedgerows, and gardens 50—150 cm
Life cycle
perennial and biennial
Foraging
leaves and fruits
Flowers Leaves
196 |
Rosaceae | roses
white, May—August odd-pinnate, serrated, whitish underneath
Raspberry Rubus idaeus
Also known as: Bramble. Hindberry.
A brambly shrub with delicious red fruits. It brings relief during childbirth, cleans and cures wounds, strengthens love, and protects the house from returning spirits.
DESCRIPTION
Raspberry is the name of multiple plants and their fruits in the Rubus genus. Most common of them is R. ideaus—a red-fruited species with perennial root system and biennial woody stems. In the first year, the stems grow pinnate, compound leaves with serrated margins, covered underneath in whitish down. In the second year, each stem produces side shoots, with smaller leaves and white flowers. Raspberries do not produce berries but aggregate fruits of numerous druplets around a central core. When picked, the core stays on the branch, unlike blackberries. Fruits are juicy, sweet, and slightly tart, perfect for snacking straight from the branches.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
While often cultivated in gardens, raspberries naturally grow in the woodlands, creating open stands under tall trees and dense stands in clearings. They prefer moist, loamy soil and can thrive both in full sun and partial shade. Cultivars grown for trade are often hybrids of R. ideaus and closely related R. strigosus.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Collect the leaves when available and dry before using. Harvest the ripe fruits, eat them raw or air dried, freeze-dried, cooked, fermented, or otherwise processed.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Delicious raspberry fruits find multiple uses in the culinary arts: eaten raw, juiced, cooked, baked, or reduced to jam. Most desserts will benefit from addition of raspberries. Raspberry wine, made of fermented juice, pleasantly quenches thirst. Leaf tea is very fruity and earthy in flavor.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Raspberry has strong astringent properties, making it useful for stopping bleedings and binding wounds. A poultice made from the leaves will cleanse the cuts, burns, and scalds. It promotes healing both internally and externally; an infusion of raspberry helps with mouth sores and ulcers, fevers, and internal bleeding. Raspberry tea is recommended during childbirth, as a strengthening tonic, soothing labor pains and easing contractions and nausea. The cold infusion is also a gentle but effective remedy for stomach complaints and diarrhea. High vitamin C content makes raspberry antiscorbutic, as long as it was not processed with heat.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Hang branches at doors and windows to provide protection to the building. The raspberry branches prevent the spirit from returning to the house once it has left, both in case of departure after death or during astral travel. Serve raspberries as fruits, desserts, or tea to strengthen romantic love. Carry the leaves to alleviate the pain of pregnancy and childbirth. Raspberry juice invokes the power of blood in its kindest aspect— as a carrier of warmth, nutrition, and love. Use it in spells and rituals of help and protection, especially towards loved ones and blood relations. Use the woody bramble to calm down scared and bewitched animals. Tie a piece of it to a saddle to protect a horse or other mount from enchantments and getting spooked when faced with magical effects.
| 197
RAZKOVNICHE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.78 Razkovniche a. fern with rhizome and sporocarps; b. leaf; c. sporocarp
Family Habitat
temperate to tropical, submerged or on the shores of ponds and streams
Size
5—20 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and stems
Flowers Leaves
198 |
Marsileaceae | pepperworts
none four-parted, resembling four-leaf clover
Razkovniche Marsilea quadrifolia
Also known as: Rozryw. Water Clover. Thieves' Grass. Raskovnik.
An aquatic fern similar to four-leaf clover, carrying potent magical properties available only to the initiated: lock-opening, tearing apart iron, and treasure-finding.
DESCRIPTION
An aquatic fern growing from creeping rhizomes anchored in the mud. Thin green stalks rise from the rhizome, ending in four wedge-shaped leaflets resembling a fourleaf clover. The leaves are submerged or floating on the surface of the water; they can adjust their angle to follow the sun.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
M. quadrifolia requires a relatively warm climate and moist soil or submersion in water. It grows abundantly in shallow, slow-moving waters, especially in the muddy edges of ponds, lakes and rivers. In cultivation, it may be potted, as long as the soil is kept moist or submerged, or grown as an aquarium plant. It propagates through the rhizomes or spores produced in sporocarps attached to the rhizome.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Razkovniche is an unique plant; while not rare and easy to cultivate, its magical properties are dependent on whether or not the person gathering it has arcane knowledge. For the uninitiated, it is just an edible herb, ready to be harvested whenever encountered. Once you know about its magical properties and venture into the wild with an intention to search for it, you may find a magically-charged specimen between the mundane leaves. It is never encountered by chance alone, and no magical specimen has been so far raised in cultivation.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Young leaves and stems are edible if not particularly nutritious; eat them raw, cooked, or stir-fried as any other leafy vegetable. The sporocarps are rich in starch and can be ground and added to bread mixes.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The leaf juice is a diuretic and a febrifuge, quenches thirst and reduces the fevers and inflammations. A poultice applied to an abscess softens the skin, reduces inflammation, and gently purifies the area prior to the treatment. It may also be applied to snake bites as a first aid and quick relief, although it will not counteract the venom.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Properly foraged razkovniche has the power to tear apart anything it touches, if the proper magical intention is provided by the user. It opens locks at the merest touch, disables mechanisms, cuts through iron bars, and destroys bindings and barriers, earning itself the name of thieves' grass. It even 'cuts open' the air, bringing forth rain. It is infinitely useful for any treasure hunters; not only can it be used in divination rituals to find the nearest cache of valuables, but it will also tear a hole in the ground or masonry to uncover buried or hidden treasure. Various spirits like to claim patches of razkovniche for themselves and need to be negotiated with or otherwise dealt with prior to collecting the herb. Others, unable of finding it themselves (chthonic animals usually possess the knowledge), will offer high rewards for a delivery of a magical specimen. As it can also tear through magical bonds, it is particularly desired by djinns and other summoned and bound spirits, wishing to release themselves from slavery. The magic performed puts a strain on the plant, causing it to wither with every use; no specimen has been proven to withstand more than three magical feats before becoming an inert pile of dried plant matter.
| 199
ROSE
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.79 Rose a. flowering garden rose; b. prickles of garden rose; c. flower of R. canina; d. hip of R. canina
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, hedges, wastes, and gardens usually 100—200 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
flowers and fruits
Flowers Leaves
200 |
Rosaceae | roses
many colors, varied flowering time usually pinnate, with serrated margins
Rose Rosa spp.
Also known as: —
Woody, prickly perennial carrying highly ornamental and scented flowers. It conjures love and beauty, protects secrecy, and promotes the joy of selfless giving.
DESCRIPTION
Genus Rosa includes 300 species and tens of thousands cultivars; hence, only a generic description can be given. These woody perennials range from miniature bushes to climbers reaching seven meters tall. The stems are often covered in prickles (incorrectly called thorns) and grow pinnate smooth leaves with serrate margins and often red veining. A wide range of pigments has led to creation of five-petaled flowers in all shades of white, yellow, orange, red, and pink. A fabled blue rose is impossible to grow with natural methods. Many species carry a strong, pleasant scent, and most create red or orange, tangy accessory fruits, called rose hips or haws (usually harvested from dog rose, R. canina).
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Roses hybridize easily, and each variant has specific requirements for growth. Most of them thrive in temperate to warm climates, full sun, sandy, well-draining soil, and protected from frost. The common superstition claims that roses grow best if they have been stolen, which is a custom hard tocondone.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather petals for production of rose water or the expensive and labor-intensive rose oil used in perfumery. Harvest the rose hips when ripe and deseed, as the hairy inner seeds irritate the human digestive tract.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Rose-flavored water or candied petals are essential elements of a variety of desserts and drinks. Deseeded rose hips are high in vitamins and pectins, and make good jams, relishes, teas, wines, and liqueurs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Most roses are mildly astringent and diuretic, and cleanse the kidneys. Rose hips are high in vitamin C, so teas, tinctures, and other preparations are often employed to help with headaches, colds, and flu.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Rose, particularly a red one, is the ultimate symbol of love. Use the petals in love spells, to attract a worthy partner, to rekindle the intensity of romantic feelings. Use rose oil or water to anoint a candle, sprinkle them in the house or in any other romantic setting. A rose is a strong symbolic link to a loved one, and may be used in rituals as a representation of the object of true feelings. A rose tea drunk in the evening brings prophetic dreams of romantic nature, while flowers, petals, and leaves are used in many other divinations. Roses bestow and prolong beauty. Use rose water as a face wash to bring color to the cheeks and regain youthful appearance. Scatter the petals in a place that could use more beauty, physical or otherwise, to bring about positive change. Add rose to mixes, sachets, and incenses meant to bring personal luck, peace, harmony, and protection. Rose teaches about the joy of selfless giving, while simultaneously reminding about the importance of healthy personal boundaries. It helps to let go of expectations of reciprocity or a reward for being kind. The flowers also protect the secrets; words said under the rose will stay confidential, a letter sprinkled with rose water will only be read by the addressee, and a wax seal anointed with rose oil will be only broken by a person who has the right to do so.
| 201
ROSEMARY
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.80 Rosemary a. flowering sprig; b. flower; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, seasides and dunes 50—200 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves, twigs, and flowers
Flowers Leaves
202 |
Lamiaceae | mints
white to purple, near constant needle-shaped, silvery underneath, sometimes striped
Rosemary Salvia rosmarinus
Also known as: Sea Dew. Polar Plant. Compass Plant.
An aromatic evergreen shrub with needle-like leaves, valued as a flavoring herb. It improves digestion and brain functions, and ensures remembrance and fidelity.
DESCRIPTION
A shrub of an upright or trailing form. Twigs are covered in brown bark and grow evergreen needle-shaped leaves, green above and silvery-white below, covered in dense, wooly hairs. Some cultivars have striped leaves. Flowers range from white to pink to purple to blue. When touched or bruised, the plant exudes woody, mustard-like aroma. The flavor of the leaves is bitter, complementing many savoury dishes.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Rosemary prefers warm, dry climate and funny exposition. In these conditions, it flowers constantly; in colder, just in the summer. Sandy, well-draining soil is necessary for its health, but even then it is hard to germinate and slow-growing. It thrives in maritime conditions, but is usually frost-tender. In colder climates, grow it in containers and move indoors to overwinter. Prune it often to promote healthy grow.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest twigs to use fresh or hang them and air dry, then store in an airtight container to preserve the aroma. Gather no more than a third of the shrub at the time, allowing the plant to regrow before next harvest. As the aroma and flavor come from volatile oils, fresh rosemary is preferred in all cases; it loses the potency in time.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Strong aroma and flavor make rosemary a popular culinary herb. Add whole fresh twigs or dried leaves to stuffings and roast, particularly lamb, pork, turkey, or potatoes. Even flowers, fresh or candied, find use as edible garnish in salads and desserts. Tea made of leaves is a refreshing drink.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Full of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, rosemary strengthens the body and its immune system. It aids digestion, enhances memory and concentration, slows down aging of the mind, protects against brain damage, and improves recovery.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Rosemary is a herb of remembrance. As such, employ it in funeral ceremonies, in contacting the dead, in rekindling friendships and reconnecting with distant family members. Throw a sprig onto a coffin as it is lowered into the ground or into the funeral pyre; burn it as incense to put the souls at ease, allowing grief to pass. Grow or wear it to always remember those who have passed away. Use it in spells to aid memory and recall information or to restore full cognitive functions (Deep Focus, p. 266). As it brings fidelity and steadfastness, rosemary is equally useful in ceremonies of handfasting and marriage, with newlyweds wearing wreaths or sprigs of rosemary, and the guest being gifted gilded twigs decorated with ribbons as a memento. Rosemary is a strong purifier of air, expelling diseases and protecting against evil. Scatter the leaves on the floor or burn it together with juniper for even better effect. Rosemary smoke sanctifies the area, preparing the space for religious ceremonies in a similar way to holy water. An infusion of the herb is a cheaper holy water substitute.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Very high doses may cause vomiting, coma, and pulmonary edema. In culinary doses, it poses no danger.
| 203
ROWAN
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.81 Rowan a. branch with ripe fruits; b. flowers; c. fruits
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, plains, woodlands, roadsides, and mountains 4—20 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
timber, bark, leaves, and fruits
Flowers Leaves
204 |
Rosaceae | roses
yellowish-white, May—July alternate, pinnate
Rowan Sorbus spp.
Also known as: Mountain Ash. Quickbeam. Sorb Apple. Witchwood.
A deciduous tree or shrub with edible red berries, favorite of many birds. It protects from evil and misfortune, aids divination, and yields a word for wands.
DESCRIPTION
A genus of deciduous trees or shrubs with smooth, grey bark and characteristic two-color timber: golden sapwood and brown heartwood. Alternate, compound, pinnate leaves carry 5—8 pairs of serrated leaflets, turning orange or red in the autumn. The five-petaled flowers are gathered in dense yellowish-white corymbs and turn to equally dense groups of fruits; usually red, but white, yellow, and orange variations are not uncommon. The raw fruits are too bitter for human consumption.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Rowans are widespread in cold and temperate zones, even beyond the lines of boreal forests and in high altitudes. They are undemanding and frost-hardy, withstanding droughts, wind, and air pollution. While often grown as just ornamental trees in parks and on roadsides, they play an important role in their environments, attracting multiple insect pollinators and providing food for even more species of birds.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Even though the fruits ripen in the summer, gather them only after the first frost, which turns them palatable. If waiting is impossible, freeze the fruits using other methods and defrost prior to use. For best effects, harvest rowan in the wild; the more remote the location, the stronger the magical properties of the tree; most valuable are 'flying rowans' growing on cliffs and mountains.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Fruits of many species, mostly S. aucuparia, are used to produce tangy jams, jellies, chutneys, juices, or a variety of ales, wines, liqueurs, and flavored vodkas.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The bark and fruits are highly astringent. Use the infusion to treat diarrhea, sore throat, inflamed tonsils, and haemorrhoids. High in vitamin C, it counteracts scurvy.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Rowan is a tree of protection. Each of the red fruits bears a five-pointed star at its end, repelling evil and malicious spells. Plant atree by your house to create an area of peace and safety from demonic spirits. An equal-armed cross made from twigs tied with a red string is a powerful amulet against enchantments and malevolence. Carry a sprig of rowan during overland travel to keep your paths straight and not get lost. A divining wand made from a branch will point the correct direction. Burn leaves or dried, ground berries in rituals to invoke a deity and ask for their advice and guidance. Use rowan to contact or summon any spirit, fairy, familiar, guide, or elemental. They obey the summon for as long as the rowan is burning; what happens afterwards depends on the summoner and the summoned (see Summoning Candle, p. 266). The timber is well-suited for rune carving, has a strong magical signature, and lends its power to divination tools, wands, staffs, bows, and musical instruments. For all purposes, the dark heartwood is the most potent, but many artisans opt for mixing it with golden sapwood for aesthetic reasons.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Raw fruits contain parasorbic acid, which causes indigestion and can lead to kidney damage, but heat treatment and freezing renders it nontoxic.
| 205
RUE
b.
c.
d. a.
Fig. 3.82 Rue a. plant in bloom; b. flower and buds; c. seeds; d. leaf
Family Habitat Size
warm to tropical, dry hills and rocks 50—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
206 |
Rutaceae | rues
yellow, June—August evergreen, compound, blueish
Rue Ruta graveolens
Also known as: Herb-of-Grace. Bitter Herb. Mother of the Herbs.
An evergreen shrub with yellow flowers, carrying a strong, unpleasant scent. It repels many animals and spirits, and brings clarity of physical and psychic vision.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial herbaceous or shrubby plant with erect, branching stems and abundant blueish-green foliage. The compound, evergreen leaves create a basal rosette in the first year; in the second, the plant grows flowering stems with smaller leaves. Bright yellow, four-petaled flowers turn into grayish-brown fruits carrying ovoid, rough seeds. The whole plant carries a powerful, heavy, unpleasant scent. The leaves are bitter, acrid, and nauseating in flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Rue is widespread in warmer climates, but as it is not frost-tender, it may be cultivated outside its natural habitat. It prefers dry, poor, rocky ground in full sunlight, protected from winds. It can withstand drought but not overwatering. Rue flowers are self-fertile, and the plant propagates easily through seeds or cuttings. Trim it after flowering to promote more compound form and faster growth.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the tops of young shoots before flowering, then use fresh or hang upside down to dry in a shaded place. Strip the leaves once dried and store for future use, discard the stems. Decoctions are best made from the fresh herb as is loses its power when dried, even though it keeps the aroma and flavor. Use gloves when handling, to avoid contact with the fresh juice.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Due to its flavor and toxicity, rue is barely palatable, but finds its place in various spice mixes, like berbere. In minute doses, use leaves or seeds as flavoring for fish, eggs, cheese, and liqueurs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Rue is used as a stimulant, strong antispasmodic, and diuretic. It promotes menstrual flow and should never be prescribed during pregnancy. Due to toxicity, using rue is not advised.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A staunch protector, rue blesses everybody and everything in the range of its scent. Put it in sachets or amulets for personal protection or use it to sprinkle salt or holy water to create a safe area with a near-impenetrable barrier against evil. Plant it in the garden or hang a bunch in the kitchen. It repels insects (Pest-Be-Gone, p. 265), toads, snakes, and cats, and promotes healing of wounds dealt by those animals . Rue has powerful countermagical properties, the herb itself being immune to most magical effects, like basilisk's gaze. Use it in rituals and potions of dissolving magic, especially the harmful. Added to a bath, rue breaks hexes, dispels enchantments, and exorcises spirits. Worn, a sprig of rue is a tool of recognition between witches. Use rue to sharpen or restore the sight, in clairvoyance rituals, and in astral quests. It brings the clarity of vision and protects the seer from dangers, like becoming influenced by the messages from other realms or possessed by those they are contacting.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
High doses of rue are acutely toxic; deaths have been reported after using rue preparations as an abortifacient. The juice contains furocoumarins and causes photosensitivity after topical or oral exposure, leading to severe blistering of skin under sunlight.
| 207
SAGE
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.83 Sage a. flowering top; b. flowers and a pollinator; c. leaf
Family Habitat
temperate to warm, dry banks, wastes, and gardens
Size
30—75 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
208 |
Lamiaceae | mints
white to purple, May—August hairy, gray-green
Sage Salvia officinalis
Also known as: Garden Sage. Common Sage. Savior. Holy Herb.
A shrubby plant with wooly leaves and strong aroma, used to cleanse the space from negative energy and unwelcome visitors, to clear the mind and prolong life.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial plant with a strong heart root and wiry, woody, square stems. Evergreen, large, oblong leaves are finely veined, silvery on the top and almost white underneath due to an abundance of fine hairs. The flowers are grown in spikes, and range from white to purple, with lavender color being most common. Sage leaves are very aromatic, with a peppery, bitter flavor. Depending on a person, a chewed leaf will produce either a cooling or warming sensation.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Sage is native to warm, dry climate, but it thrives in gardens almost everywhere. It has low requirements for soil and water, can withstand drought and frost, but cannot grow in shade. The plant is hermaphroditic and pollinated by bees. To grow it in the garden, get a stranger to sow it for you and mix it with other plants; monocultural beds of sage bring ill-luck, and the herb promotes growth of cabbages, carrots, and rosemary. The shrubs deteriorate with age and should be replaced every 4 years.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For best culinary and medicinal properties, harvest the herb before flowering, and use fresh or dried. Allow sage to bloom to produce valuable and delicious sage honey.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use raw or cooked leaves as flavoring or stuffing for heavy, oily foods, like geese, duck, or pork. Mix it with onion, parsley, rosemary, and thyme. Added to savoury dishes, it imparts a sausage-like flavor. Raw flowers add color and flavor to salads and desserts. Sage honey has a smooth, delicate, fruity flavor and is great for mead.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Sage improves the mood, memory, and cognitive functions. It is anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal, reduces the intensity of pain, and regulates the levels of cholesterol and glucose. Being very drying and astringent, sage treats excessive lactation, night sweats, excessive salivation, and profuse perspiration. The top side of the leaves is an excellent teeth and gums cleaner.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Sage is a tool of mental, spiritual, and physical cleansing. Burn oil or dried leaves as incense to expel the negative energy, malevolent spirits, or even unwelcome or overstaying visitors. The scent of sage brings clarity to the brain and bestows the gift of common sense, dispelling any mind-affecting enchantments, illusions, and lies. Eat sage daily to prolong life and use it in rituals if trying to achieve immortality. Use the leaves in healing and money spells. Sage grown in the garden will flourish or wither in tune with the owner's business practice, and careful observation may help to prepare yourself for hard times or even avert the incoming disaster. To make a wish come true, write it on aleaf and put it under the pillow. If within three nights you dream about your wish, it will come true. If not, bury the leaf in the ground to stave off bad luck.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
As it contains thujone (like cedar and wormwood), in very large doses and with prolonged use, sage causes restlessness, vomiting, vertigo, tremors, and seizures.
| 209
SANDALWOOD
b.
c.
d. a.
Fig. 3.84 Sandalwood a. flowering top; b. flower; c. ripe fruit; d. wood chips
Family Habitat Size
tropical, mostly in plantations 4—9 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
heartwood and oil
Flowers Leaves
210 |
Santalaceae | sandalwoods
whitish or red, flowering twice a year ovate or lanceolate, shiny on top, powdery underneath
Sandalwood Santalum album
Also known as: Sandal. White Saunders. Liquid Gold.
Precious, aromatic, oil-yielding wood of a tropical tree, used in religious and magical rituals to connect with the sacred, induce trances, and see the future.
DESCRIPTION
Sandalwoods are small, hemiparasitic trees with a spreading crown and grey to reddish bark. The roots have specialized outgrowths (haustoria) which penetrate the roots of nearby plants and absorb water and nutrients through them. The leaves are narrow in young saplings, growing broader on older trees. Small whitish or red flowers are borne in branched inflorescences twice a year. Fruits ripen into purplish-black drupes, each containing a single seed. The sapwood is straw-colored and odorless, the heartwood is yellowish, with astrong, pleasant aroma.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Sandalwood is native to coastal dry forests, but rarely encountered in the wild due to over-exploitation. In plantations, saplings are sown from seeds into containers, accompanied by stem cuttings of host plants, then transplanted into the ground next to long-term hosts, like coral tree, cassis, brau, or various species of Acacia and Citrus. The heartwood can be harvested after 10—15 years, but older trees yield more oil. The wood and oil are expensive enough to make smuggling a profitable endeavor.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Fell or dig up the whole tree with roots to extract the whole heartwood. Discard the branches and sapwood. Mature trees weigh around 100 kg, of which 20 kg is the aromatic heartwood, which yields 600—700 ml of the precious oil extracted through steam distillation. The process takes a few days using state-of-the-art equipment and requires a high level of experience and knowledge, substantially increasing the price of the oil. Wood chips and powder are cheaper and easier to obtain.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Sandalwood oil has antimicrobial, astringent, and antioxidant properties, useful in treatment of common colds bronchitis, fevers, urinary tract infections, heart complaints, and skin disorders. The scent calms the mind and relieves stress, reducing headaches, tension migraines, and anxiety. Inhaled or applied to the skin, the oil increases blood oxygen saturation, blood pressure, breathing and pulse rate, increasing awareness and enhancing mental functions.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Sandalwood carries a powerful connection to earth and can represent it in rituals. It is a suitable offering when communicating with or conjuring earth spirits, elementals, or chthonic deities and animals. An addition of lavender gives a layer of protection from the summoned beings by calming them down, while a sprinkle of frankincense keeps the malicious spirits at bay. The scent aids in all kinds of meditation, divination and trancework, as it stimulates mental and spiritual awareness. Bestowing confidence, it increases the chance of success in all magical practices and makes a perfect addition to any incense mix. To make a wish come true, write it down on a wood chip, then burn it in the censer or cauldron while visualizing the wish fulfilled at the same time. The sandalwood smoke carries the soul into the afterlife during a funeral. To ease the passing, use the oil to embalm the body. Building a pyre from sandalwood is an extremely expensive practice, but sometimes encountered in case of state funerals for the wealthy or powerful.
| 211
SKULLCAP
b.
c. a.
Fig. 3.85 Skullcap a. plant in bloom; b. flower; c. seeds
Family Habitat Size
temperate, wetlands and meadows 60—80 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
212 |
Lamiaceae | mints
blue, July—September ovate, toothed
Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora
Also known as: Helmet Flower. Hoodwort. Madweed. Mad-Dog.
A common blue-flowering herb of marshes and meadows, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Employed magically, it creates bonds of fidelity and commitment.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous perennial of the mint family, growing their characteristic square and slightly hairy stems, opposite, serrated leaves and flowers with an elongated calyx and two lips. Delicate and fragrant flowers are usually blue or lavender and reach up to a centimeter in length. S. latiflora may be distinguished by the flowers appearing not at the top of the main stem, but along the length of side branches, on one-sided racemes. The leaves have aslightly bitter flavor, which they impart to any preparation.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Skullcap thrives in wet environments, like swampy meadows, marshes, pond, stream margins, alluvial thickets, and floodplains. It prefers ordinary, not too rich soils on limestone and a sunny exposition. Like many other mints, it propagates easily through seeds and root division, but is less invasive than peppermint. Once established, it requires no special treatment. Hermaphroditic and pollinated by bees and flies, skullcap attracts many pollinators.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the plant with shears as it starts blooming. At that time, both the flavanoid content and the biomass are at their peak. The concentration of compounds decreases as the plant matures. Use the herb fresh or dried and powdered. The compounds are easily extracted by hot water, so teas and infusions are the most common preparations. The dried herb may also be smoked for a gentle calming effect.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Skullcap is a quick-acting nervine, relieving stress and anxiety. Use it as a remedy
for nervous tension and headaches, muscle spasms, seizures, and epilepsy. As a gentle sedative, it lowers blood pressure, calms the mind, removes restlessness, and brings forth sleep. Use the infusion to ease the pains of hangovers and withdrawal from alcohol and tobacco. It promotes and regulates menstruation, and brings relief in premenstrual syndrome and menopause.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A herb of fidelity, skullcap creates powerful bonds of commitment between people and may be used in handfasting rituals. Those bonds are never meant to be broken; if a promise bound with a skullcap is broken, a terrible curse of misfortune befalls the guilty party. This commitment persists beyond death, forever joining the souls and fates (Eternal Bond, p. 264). Worn by one partner, skullcap protects the other from any enchantments cast by a third party. The medicinal property of calm extends into the magical realm. Use skullcap in spells of relaxation and peace. Added to a bath, the leaves remove stress, mental exhaustion, and conflicting, disharmonius thoughts and emotions. Placed in a dream pillow, they bring refreshing sleep and cure insomnia. The calming effect extends to dogs and other canines, alleviating fears of gunshots and thunderstorms, apprehension, and excitability.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
A tincture overdose causes giddiness, stupor, confusion, and seizures. Do not use during pregnancy and ahead of anesthetics. The hepatotoxic properties, noted by some sources, came from adulteration of skullcap preparations with germander.
| 213
SNAPDRAGON
b.
c.
d.
a.
Fig. 3.86 Snapdragon a. flowering top; b. flowers; c. leaves; d. dried seed pods
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, rocks and gardens 50—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial or annual
Foraging
leaves, flowers, and seed pods
Flowers Leaves
214 |
Plantaginaceae | plantains
white to purple, April—October spirally arranged, lanceolate
Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus
Also known as: Lion's Mouth. Bulldog. Bonny Rabbit. Calf's Snout.
A common garden plant with ornamental blooming spikes of snout-like flowers. It protects from deception, reverses curses, and hides the user from Evil's sight.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous perennial plant, often cultivated as an ornamental annual. It grows slender, deep-reaching root and tall, upright stems, simple or branching. The leaves are spirally arranged, light green and lance-shaped, without leaflets or leafstalks. The colorful, multiple flowers are produced on the top of the stems, each with two 'lips.' If the flower is squeezed, the 'mouth' opens, giving the plant its common names. Once pollinated, snapdragon produces skull-shaped seed pods filled with numerous small seeds. The plant has a sweet smell, abitter flavor, and can produce flowers of any color from white to yellow to red to pink.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A popular garden plant of the temperate and warm climate, snapdragons require little care in cultivation. They prefer rich, moist, well-draining soil, but grow even between rocks and on walls, as long as they're in full sun or partial shade. The big, twolipped, self-fertile flowers are mostly pollinated by bumblebees, as smaller insects do not have enough strength to pry the flower open. Snapdragons are particularly useful for botanists studying the inheritance of flower color, thanks to the ease of self- and cross-pollination. They are, however, susceptible to fungal infections.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Snapdragons are at their most useful if highly hydrated, so harvest them after rain or watering, early in the day, but after the morning dew has evaporated. Use the flowers fresh if possible, as they lose their properties quickly. Leaves and seed pods are more suitable for drying, but should be kept in airtight containers.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use a poultice or an infusion of the leaves to treat skin inflammation and redness, as well as haemorrhoids. It protects the skin and constricts the tissues, bringing quick relief, and as such, makes a good face lotion. As a mouthwash, it treats mouth ulcers. Taken internally, snapdragon infusion protects the liver, removes heartburn reduces swelling, and acts as a diuretic and a mild stimulant.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Snapdragon is the best tool against deception. Any part worn on the body prevents people from deceiving you; their lies and hidden intentions cause the plant to wither. The seeds worn around the neck in a sachet or the skull-like seeds pods ensure that any attempts at bewitching or influencing the mind fail instantly. Crush the flowers or seed pod when you notice evil nearby to hide from its senses. The method is effective against any kind of being that specifically, maliciously intends to cause harm, but it will not protect from hungry animals or accidents. Use snapdragon in protective rituals to extend the protection beyond this last-second defense. A bouquet given to a friend will keep them safe from harm. A bracelet of flowers staves off illness and protects from poisoning. Place the flowers in front of a mirror on an altar or throw them at any other reflective surface to reflect the curses coming your way. Grow them in the garden to protect the whole area from malignant magic. Stepping on a growing snapdragon breaks all but the strongest curses and enchantments, and has been used in at least one case to avoid a kidnapping by fey.
| 215
STAR ANISE
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.87 Star Anise a. flowering branch; b. unripe fruit; c. dried seed pod; d. seeds
Family Habitat Size
216 |
Schisandraceae | no common name tropical, woodlands and thickets 6—8 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
seed pods and oil
Flowers
white to red, March—May
Leaves
simple, ovate to lanceolate
Star Anise Illicium verum
Also known as: Aniseed. Badian. Swamp Star.
An evergreen tropical tree producing highly aromatic seeds encased in star-shaped pods, useful in fighting off flu, raising psychic awareness, and conjuring visions.
DESCRIPTION
A medium-sized evergreen tree with whitish-brown bark, highly branching. The aromatic leaves are thick and leathery, held in bunches. Solitary, bisexual flowers range from greenish-white to pink and dark red. Once ripe, the fruits become star-shaped capsules, carrying six to eight seeds. The whole plant is very aromatic, with a pleasant scent and flavor, most pronounced in the seeds due to the oil content in the pericarp. Do not confuse I. verum with common anise (Pimpinella anisum), a flowering plant in the celery family. They are not related, and only share a similar flavor, causing the similarity of the common names.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Star anise is usually cultivated, and rarely found wild, in light tropical forests and thickets, including mountain slopes up to 1600 m elevation. It cannot withstand frost or drought and requires light or loamy soil with good drainage and sunny exposition. If cultivated from seeds, the first harvest may happen after at least six years.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the fruits in September or October, just before they ripen. Sun dry the green fruits until the color changes to reddish-brown and remove the seeds when ready for storage. To extract the oil, grind the seeds and use steam distillation.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
A common ingredient of many cuisines, including the famous 'five spice powder.' Use it to flavor curries, teas, pickles, coffee, mulled wine, bread rolls, and desserts. After a meal, chew the fruit to sweeten the breath.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Star anise stimulates digestion, treats colic, stomach pain, and diarrhoea by preventing intestinal fermentation. It is antibacterial and antiviral, used in a variety of cold and flu medicines, as well as an antibiotic. It reduces inflammation, fevers, and pain.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use star anise in all workings requiring psychic awareness, when conjuring visions, or contacting other planes of existence. It is the guiding star on the path to magical and spiritual enlightenment and disperses nightmares and dark thoughts. Wear anecklace of seeds or burn them as incense to strengthen psychic powers and gain protection during astral travels. Plant star anise near temples or sacred sites for protection and blessings. The scent keeps insects and other animals at bay, keeping safe both the hallowed ground and its residents. Place dried seeds at each corner of the altar during a ritual for a weaker but transportable version of the same effect. Carry the seeds with you as a luck-attracting amulet and use them as pendulum for divination, especially when searching for the correct path forward.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
While star anise is safe for consumption in normal doses, a closely-related species, I. anisatum, is highly poisonous, causing severe seizures, hallucinations, and nausea. Being cheaper, it is sometimes used to adulterate star anise tea. Once dried, it is impossible to distinguish between the two species by appearance; while fresh, I. anisatum has smaller fruits with a weaker scent, more similar to cardamon than anise.
| 217
STRYCHNINE TREE
b.
c.
a. d. Fig. 3.88 Strychnine Tree a. flowering branch; b. flowers; c. fruit; d. seeds
Family
Loganiaceae | logans
Habitat
tropical, open fields
Size Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
seeds and timber
Flowers Leaves
218 |
10—13 m
white to pale green, cold season ovate, smooth, with simple margins
Strychnine Tree Strychnos nux-vomica
Also known as: Nux Vomica. Poison Nut. Dog Button. Mouse-Not.
A deciduous tropical tree with seeds carrying a deadly, intensely bitter poison used in warfare and hunting. It is a favorite of ill-intentioned magicians.
DESCRIPTION
A medium-sized tree with a short, thick trunk of hard, white, dense wood covered in smooth, ashen bark. Short-stalked, oval, and shiny leaves grow in opposite pairs on stems ending in bunches of funnel-shaped pale green flowers. They bloom during the cold season and have a foul stench. The fruits, orange and the size of a large apple, contain jelly-like white pulp and five round, flat seeds covered in shiny hairs. Most parts of the tree contain exceptionally bitter, toxic alkaloids (strychnine and brucine), with the highest concentration in the seeds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Strychnine trees grow in open habitats of the tropical zone. Their cultivation and the extraction of the poison is usually carefully regulated by the local law.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Pick the fruits when ripe, then wash the seeds free from pulp and dry. The pericarp of the seed is hard and indigestible; to use as poison, they must be ground or chewed. Storing the seeds whole is a safer choice; keep the powder tightly shut and locked. The common drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum) has a symbiotic yeast in its digestive tract allowing it to consume strychnine safely and with great enjoyment.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Minuscule doses of strychnine were applied to patients in surgical shock, to stimulate the nervous system and promote cardiac action. The powder sharpens all senses for a short time. Like many other bitters, strychnine has been historically used as a tonic to improve the appetite and digestion, which is for obvious reasons not advised.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Nux vomica is a powerful magical ingredient, used in a variety of foul and harmful rituals for which we will not provide instructions. Applied magically, strychnine promotes disease, sends boils and ulcers, and causes living beings to wither and die. It is a destructive agent, lending its power to malicious spells and hexes. Wands, weapons, and tools made from strychnine wood carry the plant's potential for destruction and toxicity and are preferred by ill-intentioned practitioners.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Strychnine is extremely toxic, with a lethal dose for an adult human of just 30—120 mg. It is also dangerous for rodents, felines, and canines, prompting its use in baits and traps to eradicate feral animals, as well as a weapon poison. It is toxic ingested, inhaled, injected, or even absorbed through the skin. The effects of the poisoning appear after 15—30 minutes, affecting the central nervous system, with restlessness and twitching rapidly progressing to prolonged convulsions and extremely painful spasms caused by any sensory stimulus, like touch or even sound. Death results from asphyxiation due to the paralysis of the respiratory muscles, cardiac arrest, multiple organ failure, or brain damage. Strychnine produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction, and the subject is fully aware of their surroundings at all times. There is no direct antidote, and the treatment requires toxin removal and a constant counteracting the symptoms, preferably in a dark and quiet room. If the patient survives 6—12 hours after the symptom's onset, they have a good prognosis for recovery.
| 219
SUNFLOWER
b.
c.
d. a. Fig. 3.89 Sunflower a. plant in bloom; b. flower bud; c. unshelled seeds; d. shelled seeds
Family Habitat Size
temperate to warm, fields and gardens 100—300 cm
Life cycle
annual
Foraging
flowers, seeds and oil
Flowers Leaves
220 |
Asteraceae | asters
yellow to orange, July—October large, dentate, often sticky
Sunflower Helianthus annuus
Also known as: Sun Crown. Golden Crown. Beams of Sun.
A tall, ornamental plant with sun-like flowerhead and edible seeds. It channels the energy and warmth of the Sun, promotes magical healing, and attracts joy.
DESCRIPTION
A tall plant with hairy, sturdy stems, usually branching in the wild and single in cultivated variants. Broad, coarse, toothed leaves are sometimes sticky to the touch. The massive flowerhead comprises numerous small five-petaled florets called disk flowers surrounded by larger, sterile, yellow to orange ray flowers, mistakenly considered sunflower petals. Disk flowers mature into edible seeds covered in hard, shiny, grey-black husk. The seeds have an oily, slightly sweet flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Sunflowers require a sunny exposure and fertile, moist, well-draining soil with a lot of mulch. They promote growth of other useful and edible plants and once established, require no effort in cultivation. Young flowers track the sun; as adults, they all face east. Sunflowers are infinitely useful: they attract bees, serve as poultry and cattle food, may be used as fowl litter or kindling. Dried stems are hard as wood and burn easily; the ash is high in potash and makes an excellent manure. Plant it to drain swamps and waterlogged soil. The latex produced by sunflowers may be used to create rubber.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Inspect the flowerheads daily when the harvest time approaches, as the ripening seeds fall out on their own if left for too long and attract hungry vermin and birds. On a dry day, cut the plants to ground level once the flowerhead dries and shrivels, then let the seeds fall out naturally in a dry room. Extract the rest by hitting the side of a flowerhead with a wooden mallet—or use any other convenient method. Extract oil from the seeds by cold-pressing; the oil is much cheaper than olive oil and more versatile.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Seeds, raw or roasted, make a perfect snack food or an addition to breads and desserts, like sunflower halva. Sunflower oil, high in polyunsaturated fat, is used for cooking.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use the seeds as a diuretic and expectorant in treatment of pulmonary complaints, bronchitis, coughs, colds, and whooping cough. Atincture of seeds breaks malarial fever.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Use sunflower in spells and rituals invoking the power of the Sun (Eternal Sun Bath, p. 265). It brings the Sun's warmth and energy to all preparations, making it useful against the creatures of the night and shadows. Sunflower oil causes symptoms of sunlight allergy in such beings, and a stalk of sunflower added to a campfire bestows the same property to the flames. Sunflower promotes magical healing. The oil is a common carrier for healing and blessing oils as it easily absorbs the magic of other herbs and ensures a smooth, even application. Use it to consecrate robes, tools, and gems prior to healing rituals, as well as during attempts at bringing back the dead or bestowing immortality. It creates a powerful resonance loop with amaranth; using them together greatly amplifies their power. The plant brings joy even in the darkest times and deepest sorrows. Carry seeds or dried ray flowers in asachet to attract happiness to yourself or offer it as a gift to bring luck to another. For reasons unknown but probably gold-related, dragons and lions are also attracted by sunflowers, so such gifts might be amixed blessing.
| 221
SWEETGRASS
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.90 Sweetgrass a. stems, leaves, and rhizome; b. flowers; c. section of a leaf
Family Habitat Size
arctic to temperate, wetlands and prairies 10—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves
Flowers Leaves
222 |
Poaceae | grasses
yellowish-green, April—June broad, shiny green
Sweetgrass Hierochloe odorata
Also known as: Manna Grass. Holy Grass. Vanilla Grass. Bison Grass.
A vanilla-scented grass of cold wetlands, used in perfumery and basket-weaving. The smoke attracts good spirits, brings positive energy, cleanses, and heals.
DESCRIPTION
A common grass with an extensive network of slender, creeping rhizomes. Small, shiny, yellowish-green flowers called spikelets are gathered into many-branching panicles at the top of the stems. The broad, vividly green leaves are borne on sterile shoots. They are soft and spread horizontally into dense mats. Dried sweetgrass foliage is fragrant due to the coumarin content, bestowing a sweet, vanilla-like scent, while fresh leaves smell more grassy, like warm hay. A related species, Anthoxanthum odoratum, is also known as sweet grass and shares the pleasant aroma, but has no magical or medicinal potential.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Thriving in the cold climate and incredibly resistant, sweetgrass grows beside other grasses and shrubs on flat wetlands, by ponds, on riversides, in cool mountain canyons, and in disturbed places. Sweetgrass is wind-pollinated, but it propagates much faster through the system of rhizomes, quickly taking over the territory and creating virtual seas of green. Its main requirement is alot of sunlight.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the leaves when fully grown but before the first frost as it destroys the scent. The commonly-occurring strain of sweetgrass yields a harvest once a year, but there are natural variants that may be harvested three to five times in a single season. Dry the grass until it is brittle and store for future use. Prior to braiding or weaving, submerge the dried leaves in warm water until they become soft and pliant again, then air dry in the new form.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use dried leaves as flavoring of drinks and candy. Added to alcohol, sweetgrass bestows its vanilla flavor and pale yellow color, resulting in famous bison grass vodka. As tea, it has a delicate, sweet flavor.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Use infusions of sweetgrass to treat fevers, coughs, sore throats, chafing, and venereal diseases. It stops vagin*l bleeding and helps expel placenta. Used topically, sweetgrass tea makes a good eyewash. Inhaling the smoke from burning leaves relieves symptoms of common colds.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Sweetgrass is frequently used as an incense, as the fragrant smoke is most powerful from the magical perspective. Burn the leaves to attract good spirits and other benevolent beings, to commune with them and ask for advice or aid (Package of Good Spirits, p. 267). It is a suitable ritual offering for most helpful spirits, including the spirits of ancestors. The smoke cleanses and blesses the area, people, and tools. It purifies auras and dispels negative energy caused by misery and misfortunes of life. Used in healing spaces and spells, it fights off disease, restores vitality, and strengthens the soul, filling it with positive, blessed power. It clears away worries and stress, leaving the practitioner clearheaded and with a brighter, calmer outlook at daily inconveniences. Wear braided sweetgrass as a bracelet or an amulet for personal protection. Thrown into fire, sweetgrass bestows a blessing upon all who accept it.
| 223
THISTLE
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.91 Thistle a. Silybum marianum in bloom; b. flower of Cirsium vulgare; c. seedhead with thistledown
Family Habitat Size
cold to warm, wastes, roadsides, grasslands, mountain slopes 10—300 cm
Life cycle
annual, biennial, or perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
224 |
Asteraceae | asters
usually purple, blooming time varies margins covered in sharp prickles
Thistle Silybum marianum & others
Also known as: Milk Thistle. Holy Thistle. Spotted Thistle.
A group of flowering plants with prickly leaves. They extend powerful protective magic, set up boundaries, bestow courage, break curses, and heal animals.
DESCRIPTION
Thistles are a large group of plants, usually in the aster family, characterized by sharp prickles on the leaf margins and sometimes spreading over the rest of the plant. The prickles protect thistles from grazing herbivores, but the level of spininess depends on the species and its habitat, with thistles from arid environments growing larger prickles. The compound flowers are usually purple, turning into fluffy, downy seedheads similar to dandelions. Most thistles belong to the Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum genus, each encompassing dozens of species.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Silybum marianum, known as milk thistle, is the main species used medicinally, mostly to treat liver complaints, lower cholesterol levels, improve inflammatory skin conditions, prevent bone loss, and strengthen the immune system. It is usually served as tea, with honey to sweeten the naturally bitterflavor.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
From a magical perspective, most thistles have the same powers of protection, purification, hex-breaking, and healing, except as noted below.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Grown in the garden, thistle repels thieves. Kept by the door, it wards off evil. Carry the flowerheads in the pocket as a protective amulet and portable ammunition against evil spirits. Throw one into the fire to instantly exorcise and purify the area or to deflect lightning. Clothing made from thistle fiber makes the wearer immune to curses and breaks any enchantments placed beforehand.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Thistle represents endurance, courage, and the will to survive. It adds energy and vitality, while building healthy personal boundaries. Use it for healing and recovery, especially to cure sick or wounded animals.
As a varied group, thistles have near-worldwide distribution. Some of them are considered noxious weeds and actively fought against, others are cultivated for their medicinal or ornamental value. In all cases, thistles play an important role in the local ecosystem as a source of nectar for butterflies, bumblebees, and hummingbirds. The seeds are the favorite food of goldfinches.
Wear leather gloves when handling thistle, both because of the prickles and the dermatitis they can cause in some people, like most of the Asteraceae family. Forage the leaves, roots and flowers when fully grown. For most purposes, with an exception of some magical practices, remove the prickles and use the rest fresh or dried.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
All thistles in the genus Cirsium and Carduus are edible, but not many are palatable. Young leaves, striped of prickles, work in asalad, and insides of flowerbuds and flowerstalks are quite tasty, but not nutritious.
To call spirits, boil thistle in a cauldron in front of you. When the steam rises, ask your question and listen for the answers. Water will do, but wine strengthens the effect and makes the spirits more cooperative. Wearing milk thistle around the neck enrages nearby snakes, pushing them into a mindless rage in which they attack anything in range, including themselves.
| 225
THYME
b.
c.
a. Fig. 3.92 Thyme a. plant in bloom; b. flowers; c. leaves
Family Habitat
temperate to warm, mountains, highlands, and gardens
Size
15—30 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
above ground parts
Flowers Leaves
226 |
Lamiaceae | mints
pink to purple, June—August small, grey-green
Thyme Thymus vulgaris
Also known as: Common Thyme. Garden Thyme.
A popular, highly aromatic garden plant, valued in cooking and herbal medicine. It invites the fey folk, restores childlike wonder and joy, and grants courage.
DESCRIPTION
A perennial, evergreen small shrub with awoody base and multiple branches covered in small, grey-green leaves. It grows in dense, clump-like spreads and mats. Multiple flowers, usually pink of purple, appear on the top of the stems. The plant is highly aromatic, especially the leaves, which have a spicy, warm, pungent flavor, stronger than oregano, but milder than sage. Many cultivated variations have differently colored leaves and slightly varying scent and flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A common plant of dry and warm climate, widely cultivated in pots and gardens for its ornamental and culinary value. It is found in the wild on dry slopes and rocks, always on clay or limestone, away from shade. While it can withstand winds, it withers quickly in maritime exposure. Succeeding even in poor soil, it is easy to propagate from cuttings. It attracts many pollinators, especially bees, flies, and butterflies.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest it in the summer, just before the flowers open. Use fresh or dried, as whole sprigs or separated leaves; remove the leaves by hand or by pulling the sprigs between fork's teeth. Raw thyme has a short shelf life, but even dried, it retains most of the flavor and aroma.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Use thyme to flavor vegetable and meat dishes, roasts, stews, and soups. It retains the scent and flavor even after prolonged cooking. It creates a great balance with parsley, bay leaves, sage, marjoram, rosemary, savory, and oregano. Thyme is a valued flavoring agent for cheese and liqueurs.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
The essential oil of thyme is a powerful antiseptic, used in mouthwashes and sterile bandages and antiseptic patches. Thyme is an excellent tonic and a gentle stimulant, used in treating respiratory complaints: dry coughs, asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, and whooping cough. It aids digestion, expels wind, and comforts the stomach. Externally, it is especially useful in treatment of gum diseases, fungal infections, and leprosy.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Thyme is a herb of purification. Burned as incense, it cleanses the area from negative energy and disease, as well as prepares it for magical and spiritual work. It is an appropriate start to any religious ceremonies, preparing the space for subsequent consecration. A bath of thyme with lavender or marjoram removes the tiredness coming from sorrows and disappointments, allaying grief and resolving resentments. The smoke attracts good health and promotes healing and regrowth. Thyme brings vitality and courage, bestows a clarity of mind, and strengthens the psychic sight. It is often used by military commanders hoping to look at the conflict from another angle, see the plans and motives of their enemies. Wear thyme to grant the ability to see the unseen, especially fey creatures that are attracted to the herb. It restores childlike joy and wonder, helping to see beyond standard worries and the existential dread of an adult for ashort time. Placed under the pillow, it keeps nightmares at bay and promotes quiet, restful sleep without dreams or interruptions.
| 227
TOBACCO
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.93 Tobacco a. plant in bloom; b. flowers; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
tropical to subtropical, cultivated 100—200 cm
Life cycle
annual
Foraging
leaves
Flowers Leaves
228 |
Solanaceae | nightshades
pink, July—September ovate or lanceolate, pointed
Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum
Also known as: Tabacca. Tabak. Stinkweed.
A poisonous, narcotic plant cultivated for its nicotine-bearing leaves. It is used as an irritant and a relaxant, and its smoke brings visions and connects to spirits.
DESCRIPTION
An annual, herbaceous plant with long, fibrous root and singular, erect stems, hairy and slightly sticky. Pointed lanceolate or oval leaves, also hairy, decrease in size up the stem. The stem ends up in pannicles of white-pink tubular flowers, which exude their sweet scent in the evenings and attract moths. The leaves carry a narcotic odor and a bitter, acrid, nauseous flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A plant of tropical and subtropical zones, grown exclusively in cultivation, unlike other Nicotiana species, like yellow-blooming wild tobacco, N. rustica. It requires a lot of sunshine, warm temperature, high humidity, and soil low in nitrogen. Tobacco is very sensitive to changes in its environment, and the nicotine content varies greatly depending on sunlight, soil, and humidity.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Dried tobacco leaves are burned or smoked to invoke visions and connect the user to higher realms. The smoke is narcotic, opening the mind to contact with spirits and other astral beings. Many of them consider tobacco leaves a suitable offering and payment for their services. As an incense, tobacco smoke expels spirits already present, regardless of their intentions; it is often successful at expelling living beings as well, due to its scent and toxicity. Throw tobacco into the water at the start of a river or maritime expedition, to appease spirits and deities living in the water. To cleanse yourself from negative energy and curses, add tobacco leaves to running water and bathe in it; the evil influence will fade as the leaves flow downstream.
Harvest the leaves when fully grown, then dry by air, fire, flue, or sun curing, each producing tobacco with different sugar and nicotine content. Tie died leaves in bunches and store for one to three years to age them for better flavor and aroma.
Use tobacco as a magical substitute for sulphur and related plants from the Solanaceae family, like datura and deadly nightshade. Upon placing the correct intention, tobacco will perform their functions perfectly. The only exception is the common potato; while in the same family, tobacco is unable to fulfill the role of a nutritious meal.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Tobacco leaves are high in proteins; however, the odorless, flavorless proteins need to be extracted for consumption, usually through juicing and removing the toxins by mechanical, chemical, or magical means.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Tobacco is a sedative and a relaxant, but as it is highly addictive, it is also rarely used for these purposes. It is a local irritant; inhaled, it provokes sneezing and an increased production of mucus. Chewed, it increases the flow of saliva.
Nicotine is a powerful neurotoxin for insects and related species. For mammals, it is also poisonous. Initial symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and seizures. Nicotine poisoning increases the heart rate and blood pressure, followed by a sudden drop in both, with additional respiratory collapse and potential death. As first aid, decontaminate the stomach and counteract the symptoms with caffeine or atropine. Inhaling the smoke, even indirectly, causes long-term effects, leading to diseases of heart and lungs, strokes, and cancer. | 229
VERVAIN
b.
c.
a.
Fig. 3.94 Vervain a. plant in bloom; b. flowers; c. leaves
Family Habitat Size
temperate, wastes and roadsides 20—70 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
leaves and flowering tops
Flowers Leaves
230 |
Verbenaceae | vervains
pink to purple, July—September opposite, lobed
Vervain Verbena officinalis
Also known as: Mosquito Plant. Holy Herb. Ironherb. Simpler's Joy.
A hardy, common herb with branching, purple-blooming spikes. Used extensively in love and chastity magic, it protects from negative energy and cold iron.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous plant with an upright habitat, growing a partial rosette of leaves and erect, highly branching stems ending in delicate spikes carrying pink to purple flowers. The leaves are opposite, lobed, with toothed margins, and covered in fine hairs. The plant is odorless and has a delicate, lightly bitter and astringent flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A hardy perennial, vervain thrives on wastes, roadsides, by the hedges, and in disturbed, rural places. It prefers full sun exposure in lime-rich, moist, well-draining soil. Resistant to frost, drought, and neglect, vervain takes care of itself for years, even when competing with prolific weeds. It is self-fertile, attracts bees, moths, and butterflies, and self-sows freely.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut down vervain as is starts blooming, in the early summer, then dry for later use. To unlock the full magical potential, on Midsummer, collect all the vervain you need for the coming year, and throw away or burn the leftovers from last year's harvest.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Parboil and season the leaves, eat as potherb or in a salad, using flowers as garnish. Dried leaves make a refreshing, mild tea.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Vervain is a gentle relaxant, sedative, and nerve tonic, helpful in treating anxiety, insomnia, and convulsions. It prolongs the onset time of seizures and shortens their duration. It is antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, protects the heart from inadequate blood supply, and stimulates the brain.
Avoid using vervain when pregnant or breastfeeding, as it may lead to poor weight gain. Vervain inhibits iron absorption, so it is not advised when iron-deficient.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Used as both magical aphrodisiac and anaphrodisiac, vervain is a staple of spells of love, lust, and chastity. It promotes peace, joy, and satisfaction. Worn, carried, or grown, it protects from misfortunes, poverty, nightmares, lightning, and storms. As a flower crown, it protects the magician from conjured spirits, and added to an incense, it exorcises evil forces. Burnt, it also dispels unrequited love. It is a powerful healing herb. The juice, smeared on the body, cures most diseases. A flowering spike, worn as an amulet, aids in recuperation, and may even offer prolonged youth. The herb stimulates the brain and soul, inspiring creativity. Drink vervain tea to break writer's block, summon the muses, and remove any internal obstacles on the path to creative endeavors. It calms the nerves and allays self-doubt, easing poets and artists into embracing their natural talents. Hung over a child's cradle, vervain will have them grow up happy, creative, and with a love of learning. Vervain resonates with iron, whether pure or in alloys. Sprinkled over a wound dealt with an iron weapon, it closes it instantly, and is often used by the fey folk to keep them safe (Iron Breaker, p. 260). Add dried herb to the fire when smelting iron to strengthen the metal and ensure perfect shine of the finished product.
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WILLOW
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.95 Willow a. branch; b. young catkin of S. caprea; c. catkin in bloom; d. leaves of S. alba
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, wetlands, plains, and riverbanks 10—30 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
bark, leaves, and twigs
Flowers Leaves
232 |
Salicaceae | willows
catkins, April—May elongated, oval, usually serrated
Willow Salix spp.
Also known as: Sallow. Osier. Tree of Enchantment.
A family of deciduous trees and shrubs employed medicinally as an antiseptic and painkiller. Most suited to healing and Moon magic, it has an affinity for water.
DESCRIPTION
A large family of perennials, encompassing over 400 species, from dwarf arctic shrubs to tall trees. Most are called willows, but some narrow-leaved shrubs are known as osiers, and broad-leaved species referred to as sallows. The species most popular in medicine and magic is white willow, S. alba, a tall tree with an irregularly leaning crown and pliant branches growing elongated, serrated leaves, covered in fine silvery down, especially on the underside. Willows grow flowers in the form of male and female catkins, and produce numerous minute seeds.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Widespread in cold and temperate climates, especially in moist or wet soil, willows crave water, following it with their roots. Extremely prolific, they regrow from broken branches and discarded roots, and hybridize easily—the weeping willow is one of the most known natural hybrids. Willow leaves are food for multiple butterfly larvae, and the trees host over a hundred different aphid species, in return feeding wood ants.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the branches in the spring and separate the inner bark, moist with watery sap. Drain the sap for medicinal use or dry the bark and keep as powder.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Willows are edible, but not tasty. The inner bark may be eaten raw, cooked, or dried and ground into powder, then added to flour. It is very bitter, especially when fresh, but not toxic. Leaves and young shoots will do as a famine food if everything else fails.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Willow bark contains salicin, which metabolizes into salicylic acid, a strong painkiller with anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Use it to relieve joint pains and manage fevers, as a gentle sedative, tonic, and hypnotic. It relieves headaches, neuralgia, and inflammatory stages of autoimmune diseases. An infusion of leaves has a calming effect, useful in treating nervous insomnia. Willow preparations stop internal and external bleedings.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Closely connected to water and Moon, willows are a popular tool in lunar magic, with powerful wands cut from twigs, most suited for healing. Fill a basin with pure water, add powdered willow bark and let it charge in moonlight overnight to create a powerful healing and curse-breaking potion. Willow is a tree of eloquence, bestowing the gift of successful communication with its silver-tongue leaves. Bruise and boil them in wine, then drink to increase the effect of any speech, artistic performance, or argument. The leaves attract love and admiration—carry a twig to make yourself more charismatic and approachable. The communication extends to the other realms—use willow twigs and a conduit when contacting ghosts and souls of the dead. To ensure a peaceful transition after death, plant a willow in your life and do not let it die before you. Willow twigs are commonly used to create magical flying brooms, as their lightweight, low-density, strong wood easily accepts the enchantments. Similarly popular are magical willow baskets, fences, and fishing nets.
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WITCH HAZEL
b.
a.
c.
Fig. 3.96 Witch Hazel a. flowering branch; b. fruits; c. flowers of a red cultivar
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, moist forests, valleys, andriverbanks 3—7 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
twigs, bark, leaves, and fruits
Flowers Leaves
234 |
Hamamelidaceae | witch hazels
yellow to red, September—December oval, smooth or wavy margins
Witch Hazel Hamamelis spp.
Also known as: Winterbloom. Spotted Elder. Devil's Coffee. Witch's Tree.
A deciduous shrub with winter-blooming, spider-like flowers and explosive fruits. It binds wounds, stops bleeding, and helps in supernatural water detection.
DESCRIPTION
Witch hazel grows several crooked, branching trunks from a single root system. Long, pliant branches grow leaves similar to hazel, turning yellow, red, and brown in the autumn. The sweet-scented flowers appear in the autumn and winter, their colors ranging from yellow to red, usually darker at the base. Frost preserves them, but they fade quickly in warm weather. About a year from blooming, the nuts come to maturity, then split loudly and explosively, ejecting the seeds up to several meters away from the shrub.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Slow-growing and frost resistant, witch hazel is native to moist woods and wood edges, preferably in a sunny or partially shady spot. It thrives in rich, sandy, well-draining soils. Once established, it despises moving, so pick its placement with care.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Gather the bark and leaves in the spring or autumn. Clip the branches, pluck the leaves and flower, peel off the bark, then dry and make an infusion when needed. Hamamelis water, a popular preparation of witch hazel, is created by steam distillation of the bark and leaves; the process completely removes the tannins.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Eat seeds raw or cooked. They have an oily texture and flavor similar to pistachio nuts, with athick bony coat. Leaves and bark are inedible, but may be brewed into a refreshing, if bitter, tea.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Witch hazel is a powerful astringent, able to stop most haemorrhages and bind
wounds. Apply it externally, in compresses or plasters, to bruises, sore muscles, varicose veins, sore nipples, inflammations, insect stings, and after contact with poison ivy and other toxic plants. Hamamelis water cures skin irritations, especially acne and diaper rash. Its effect is weaker, but the lack of tannins reduces the chance of an allergic reaction.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Witch hazel has a strong association with water and makes best dowsing rods. Cut a Y-shaped twig, hold the arms in both hands, and observe the movement of the third arm—it will bend downwards when you encounter a source of underground water. The same affinity allows the practitioner to detect hidden portals or gates to the elemental plane of water, water-aligned creatures, and similar magical effects. Carry a twig to protect yourself from negative influences, mend a broken heart, and cool the unwelcome passions. Witch hazel is a symbol of chastity and is often worn or embroidered on clothes of those who made such vow. Gather the nuts in the early autumn, before they crack, then place a spell on them. Throw the nut at the ground to release the enchantment in the area reached by nut's seed explosion, usually in 3—9 meter radius. The spell will affect anything it encounters.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Avoid long-term use due to high tannin content, as well as ingestion during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Overdose causes nausea, vomiting, and impaction. Topical application may cause dermatitis.
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WOAD
b.
c.
a.
d.
Fig. 3.97 Woad a. flowering stem; b. flowers; c. fruit; d. upper leaves
Family Habitat Size
cold to temperate, steppes and deserts 40—150 cm
Life cycle
biennial
Foraging
root and leaves
Flowers Leaves
236 |
Brassicaceae | mustards
yellow, May—July basal rosette of oval leaves, arrow-shaped leaves on the flowering stems
Woad Isatis tinctoria
Also known as: Dyer’s Woad. Glastum. Devil's Dye. Pastel.
A yellow-blooming plant with blue-green leaves yielding precious indigo dye used in production of colorful fabrics, enchanted textiles, and magical body paints.
DESCRIPTION
A biennial flowering plant with tall, erect stems and yellow-gray taproots. In the first year, it creates a basal rosette of blue-green oval leaves, joined in the next year by aflowering stem with arrow-shaped, opposite leaves surrounding the stem. Small yellow flowers are collected in large, branching inflorescences smelling of honey and producing large, elongated seeds. The leaves have a powerful, bitter flavor, but the root is delicately sweet.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Woad is native to vast steppes in cold and temperate climates. While not frost tender, it prefers a sunny exposition and warm days. It requires nutritious, nitrogen-rich, well-draining soil, but it succeeds in standard garden soil. Woad can be found wild on roadsides, in quarries, dry steppes, wastes, and vineyards. If cultivated for the dye, change the growing spot every two year to avoid depleting the soil and subsequent reduction in dye yield. In good growing conditions, two or three harvests can be obtained within one season.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest the leaves when the plant only starts blooming, dry in the sun until they wither, then grind in the mill into a paste. Leave in heaps for about fourteen days, until it ferments under the crust. Mix and form cakes, which is how the dye is often sold for later processing. Break the cakes and ferment them further in water and ammonia; the scent is highly unpleasant. Mix it with limewater to bring forth the color. The exact shade depends on the details; if the infusion is left to ferment for too long, it will yield green and brown dyes instead of indigo.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Leaves are edible, but very bitter. Soak them in water overnight to make them more palatable; afterwards, use as potherb. Seeds are high in protein, but rarely eaten.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Woad is extremely astringent and hence, rarely used internally. Apply it as poultice or a plaster externally to staunch bleeding, bind wounds, treat ulcers, and reduce inflammation. An infusion of dried and sliced root, slightly sweeter in flavor, helps in cases of common cold and tonsillitis.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
On its own, woad does not possess any magical properties. The indigo dye, however, is a valuable carrier for enchantments, tying the magic to fabrics. Used as body paint, mixed with a fixative, it ensures a steady and controlled discharge of spells, prolonging their duration and increasing effectiveness. Applied to the wood, it works as a preservative and is valued by shipwrights, bowyers, wand- and staffmakers. Several accounts suggest that the honeylike scent of the flowers has a magical, hypnotic effect on the bees, but more research is needed, as the stories vary between woad simply attracting bees to controlling their minds to protect the plant, or even bestowing this ability to anyone carrying the flowers.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
While not directly poisonous, woad should not be used as a source of tattoo ink. Many misguided practitioners get too enamored with the magical properties and the beautiful color of woad dye, but it becomes caustic when injected and leads to severe scarring.
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WORMWOOD
b.
c.
d. a. Fig. 3.98 Wormwood a. flowering top; b. flowers; c. seeds; d. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate ruins, pastures, roadsides, and meadows 80—120 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole plant
Flowers Leaves
238 |
Asteraceae | asters
pale yellow, July—October silvery, pinnate, lobed
Wormwood Artemisia absinthium
Also known as: Absinthe. Cudweed. Wermouth. Green Ginger.
A toxic herbaceous plant with silvery leaves and sharp, bitter scent, considered apatron plant of herbalists and valued for its all-encompassing protection.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous plant with a woody base and strongly branching, robust stems. Fibrous rhizomes and a short, twiggy taproot have a warm, aromatic flavor. The leaves are spirally arranged, silvery, pinnate and deeply lobed, covered with fine silky hairs. Even lightly bruised, they impart asharp, herbal aroma and a bitter, strong flavor. Small yellow flowers are carried on branching pannicles. The above ground parts of the plant die overwinter.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Wormwood is a common, undemanding herb of the temperate wastes, pastures, and ruins. It thrives in poor to moderately fertile soils as long as they have good drainage and requires full sun exposure. Susceptible to root rot, it declines in wet soils. For the highest ornamental value, trim the tops and deadhead regularly to avoid wind pollination and self-sowing.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
For a sustainable foraging, cut the plant close to the ground up to twice a year. Cultivated plantations of wormwood can be harvested that way for about a decade. For the highest concentration of active compounds, gather the above ground parts at the height of the summer, when the plant is in bloom. Dry it tied in bunches away from direct sunlight, rub through a sieve and store the powder in airtight containers.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Extremely bitter, wormwood is added in minuscule doses to flavor meats and beverages, especially alcoholic ones. Together with anise, fennel, and other herbs, it gives flavor to absinthe, a highly alcoholic spirit.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
An infusion of wormwood has a tonic effect on the liver, gallbladder, and the digestive system. It increases the production of bile and stomach acid, removes flatulence and bloating. Anti-inflammatory and antiseptic, it is applied externally to bites, sprains, and bruises. Not advised for children or use during pregnancy.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Wormwood is the sacred plant of herbalists, a symbol of herbal knowledge and balance between healing and harm. A wreath of wormwood opens the senses to the magical realms, stimulates the mind, and increases the natural aptitude for healing magic. Wormwood gathered during summer solstice is a most powerful protector, allowing to expel all negativity in a healthy way. It promotes healthy coping mechanisms, keeps diseases and misfortunes at bay, protects from poisons, storms, arson, travel accidents, robberies, witchcraft, venomous beasts, fey, monsters, nightmares, hauntings, unwelcome visitors, bad habits, vermin, and tax collectors. The smoke of burning wormwood purifies and protects the area, raises psychic awareness, and summons the spirits. Burned in a graveyard, it causes the dead to rise and speak.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Toxicity of wormwood depends on the concentration of thujone, a compound found also in cedar, sage, juniper, and tansy. An overdose of thujone causes hallucinations and seizures, yet an accidental poisoning with wormwood used in standard dosage is highly unlikely. Absinthe poisonings are also caused by alcohol, not wormwood.
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YARROW
b.
c. a.
Fig. 3.99 Yarrow a. flowering top; b. flowers; c. leaf
Family Habitat Size
temperate, grasslands, roadsides, and open forests 20—100 cm
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
whole herb
Flowers Leaves
240 |
Asteraceae | asters
white to pink, April—September finely cut, feathery
Yarrow Achillea millefolium
Also known as: Sanguinary. Nosebleed. Bloodwort. Milfoil.
A common weed with multiple tiny flowers and feathery leaves, used to heal battle wounds, stop bleeding, bestow arcane sight, and bring love and courage.
DESCRIPTION
A herbaceous perennial with upright, rigid, gray-green and hairy stems and sprawling underground rhizomes. The stems are simple or branching, covered with spirally arranged dark green feathery, pinnate leaves with a characteristic, lace-like appearance. The multiple small flowers are gathered in dense, flat inflorescences the top of the stems. The petals are usually white or yellowish, but wild and cultivated pink variations are also common. The plant has a strong herbal scent, sometimes even repellent, and a bitter, astringent flavor.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
A common, widespread plant often considered an invasive weed. Yarrow thrives at almost all altitudes, requires little water and nutrients, and self-seeds freely on all but poorest soils. It frequents meadows, pastures, roadsides, and lawns, attracting aplethora of insect pollinators and becoming a food source for birds, beetles, butterflies, and moth larvae. It is often included in butterfly gardens.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Cut the plant down to the ground when fully in bloom. Use fresh as a poultice or dry the herb whole, hung upside down. Separate flowerheads, leaves, and stems once dried and store for later use as a powder orinfusion.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
Young leaves, raw or cooked, are best mixed with other greens in a salad, due to their bitter flavor. Use leaves as hops substitute to flavor and preserve beer. The oil extracted from flowers is milder in flavor and best suited to teas and other soft drinks.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Yarrow is an aromatic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory herb, commonly used to stop bleeding, treat wounds and nosebleeds, relieve pain, and bring respite in kidney complaints. Combine it as tea with elder and peppermint to induce perspiration and battle common cold, fevers, and flu. As ahair wash, it prevents baldness and inflammation of the scalp.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
A popular herb of love magic, yarrow is often used during handfasting ceremonies. Include it in the bouquets or decorations to bestow a seven-year blessing of marriage bliss. Carry it to attract friends and distant relatives with whom you have lost contact over the years. Held in hand, yarrow bestows courage and removes all fears (see Elixir of Heroes, p. 256, and Berserker's Beer, p. 263). Yarrow flowers protect from misfortunes and bad choices, and expel negativity and malicious spirits. Drink yarrow tea to improve psychic powers, access additional senses, and pierce the veil of the future. It helps in divination and wish magic. Make the wish upon finding your first yarrow flower of the summer. Dried yarrow placed under the pillow brings visions in dreams and is most suited to answer questions about the future of one's love life and relationships. The strongest effect has yarrow collected on a young man's grave.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
Like other asters, yarrow can cause an allergic reaction and severe dermatitis. While generally safe for humans, it is toxic for cats, dogs, and horses.
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YEW
b.
c.
a.
d. Fig. 3.100 Yew a. branch with ripe fruits; b. male flower; c. female flower; d. young shoots
Family Habitat
temperate, woods and hedges
Size
10—20 m
Life cycle
perennial
Foraging
timber, leaves, seeds, and fruits
Flowers Leaves
242 |
Taxaceae | yews
green, insignificant, March—April flat, dark green, needle-shaped
Yew Taxus baccata
Also known as: Common Yew.
A highly toxic evergreen tree, with showy, red berries and flat, green needles. It symbolizes death and rebirth, allowing contact, control, and raising of the dead.
DESCRIPTION
An evergreen conifer with a wide, stout trunk covered in thin, peeling, red-brown bark. In very old specimens, trunk becomes hollow. Branches are covered in flat, dark green needle-shaped leaves, spirally arranged but twisting to form flat rows on ether side of the stem. Male flowers are small but create an abundance of pollen, while female flowers are bud-like and scaly, producing seeds encased in a red, fleshy, berry-like structure called aril.
HABITAT AND CULTIVATION
Slow-growing and long-lived tree, yews commonly survives for 400—600 years, with some specimens dated at over two millennia. Most of them are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate plants, but some individuals are known to grow both kinds of flowers or even change sex with time. Yews are wind-pollinated and not self-fertile, but do attract wildlife, mostly birds that snack on berries. Yews can withstand even the deepest shade, can tolerate frost, drought, and pollution.
FORAGING AND PREPARATION
Harvest twigs or wood as necessary, wearing gloves and a mask; inhaled sawdust is toxic. Split the wood into staves, remove the pith, seal the ends and dry. Season the wood for at least six months to remove the toxicity. The highest concentration of the poison occurs during winter solstice.
CULINARY PROPERTIES
The red fruits are edible, very sweet and gelatinous, with somewhat of a snotty texture. Eat them raw after deseeding; see notes on toxicity. Seeds have a very bitter flavor and should never be swallowed.
MAGICAL PROPERTIES
Yew is the tree of the dead, used in rituals of summoning spirits, restoring life, and even in the foul practices of raising corpses and creating undead servants. Wands and other tools made from yew wood are particularly common between necromancers and those who wish to commune with the spirits of the dead. Planted at graveyards, it creates natural places of gathering for lost souls, keeping them from wandering freely in the area. Yews often accompany places of worship as a reminder of eternal life. Weapons made from yew or equipped with yew handles are not damaged by any poison or acid, but instead strengthen the power of the poison. Strong yet flexible, yew wood is prized by bowyers and luthiers.
POISONOUS PROPERTIES
All parts of yew, save for the berries, are highly toxic due to taxine alkaloids. The concentration is highest in the seeds, but the poisoning usually occurs in animals by eating the leaves. The lethal dose for humans is about 50 g of leaves. The wood retains toxicity for months after harvesting, and the poisonous potential even grows as the water evaporates. The alkaloids are absorbed quickly and cause dry mouth, vomiting, vertigo, abdominal pain, arrhythmia, hypotension, unconsciousness, and cardiac arrest. There is no antidote; apply treatment of atropine of similar stimulants and counteract the symptoms for at least six hours since the onset. Distilled yew poison is the most active plant poison in existence, able to cause death in an instant. The pollen spread by male trees is also highly allergenic.
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C
PRACTICAL HERBALIST This chapter introduces information useful in practicing herbalism for fun, profit, and survival. No matter the original reason for picking up the craft, its practice is ruled by the same requirements. Pracical herbalism is not a hobby to be practiced without proper knowledge; unlike knitting, poorly performed herbalism can cause real harm to the herbalist, their clients, and the environment. We start the chapter by describing the basic elements of herbal preparations, including herbal material, solvents, preservatives, and other adjuvants. We discuss the matters of flavor, a vital component of all preparations for oral use. Afterward, we discuss the basic and advanced equipment needed for herbalism practice, as well as staple supplies each herbalist should always have in stock. Notes on proper documentation, storage and transportation of herbal preparations follow, introducing the last vital elements of the craft. The next part of the chapter includes acollection of basic recipes for most popular infusions, decoctions, powders, incense mixes, herbal blends, oils and pastes, organized by form. With simple, easy to follow instructions, this section removes as many barriers in practicing herbalism as possible, opening a path to further experiments and discoveries. For this basic set of preparations, we have chosen recipes requiring minimal equip-
ment, or even none at all. We understand that this book will be used more often in the field than in the laboratory, and we expect certain conveniences to not be available. Hence, we have focused on preparations that will be of use to a traveling herbalist, an adventurer, or a magician on the go. Where possible, we have included alternative ingredients and changes to the classic recipes, to accommodate the reality of field conditions. The next part of this chapter covers popular toxins and poisons. We discuss their chemical constituents, the dosage, lethality, and common effects, as well as possible antidotes. We have included methods of helping the victim of poisoning, from diagnosis to counteracting the symptoms to simple antidotes. This section also introduces several toxic plants that lack magical properties and are not otherwise covered by this book. In the last part, we delve into the subjects of gardening and cultivation of herbs, the basis of sustainable herbalism business. We discuss the main aspects of permaculture, the requirements of various plants, as well as give practical advice on setting up one's own garden regardless of spatial limitations. We have also included a list of pests, diseases, and parasites that are the biggest threats to a beginner gardener and their precious plants. Methods of environmentally-friendly dealing with such threats are also included.
Practical Herbalist | 245
ANATOMY OF HERBAL PREPARATIONS Herbal preparations, both medicinal and magical, are a way of increasing the potency of herbs. While their creation requires much more skill than just applying a leaf of plantain to a bruise, learning how to turn raw material into a finished, complex preparation is a necessity for all practicing herbalists. At the core of each preparation is the herbal material with all its active compounds, flavors, side effects, and potential complications. The material is usually treated in a way that strengthens or isolates the desired effect and reduces or removes the side effects: aged, sweated, distilled, dried, boiled, etc. (see Toxicity Reduction, p. 273). The end goal is the extraction (i.e., the creation of a herbal extract) of the active compounds (primary and secondary metabolites, see p. 27). Other elements of herbal preparations: ADJUVANTS. Substances increasing the potency of a preparation. SOLVENTS. Substances dissolving the material, creating a solution. Usually liquids: water, alcohols, chloroform, ether. Also known as 'menstruums.' PRESERVATIVES. Substances delaying the decay process of the preparation. CARRIERS. Substances (usually oils) used for dilution and application of volatile, concentrated extracts. FIXATIVES. Substances reducing the volatility of active compounds and making them more stable. EXCIPIENTS. Substances added to the formula to bulk up and stabilize the preparation. MARC. Insoluble or inert material left behind at the end of the extraction.
246 | Practical Herbalist
CREATING YOUR OWN RECIPES
While Herbalist's Primer includes a collection of recipes on the following pages, most herbalists will want to experiment and create preparations of their own design. CONSIDER THE GOAL, whether medicinal, culinary, or magical—especially in the last case, where the intent of the herbalist matters the most. CONSIDER THE FORM: infusion, tincture, bath salts, incense, or other. Some forms are best suited for specific goals (cough syrups, banishing incenses). Using a wellknown method of preparation will result in best effect. Your enjoyment of creating and using specific forms of preparations is also important. CONSIDER THE HERBS. Consult the tables in the Appendix for quick summary of magical and medicinal effects. Take stock of plants in your possession. Check availability for purchase or potential of foraging if you do not have the necessary ingredients. Decide which of the available herbs will fit best your goal and the chosen method ofpreparation. WRITE IT DOWN. Even if you are not sure if the recipe will be correct or if you are planning to make adjustments later, write down your original recipe in your notebook and give it a unique name. There is a wealth of knowledge to be extracted from your own intuition, trials, and errors. CREATE THE PREPARATION. As long as you do not try it, the recipe is just inert words on paper. Create the preparation following the standard instructions for your chosen method. Take note of the process and write down every implemented change or adjustment; this will allow you to perfect your new recipe. Number and date the batch. Once used, note the effects and any comments for future improvements.
FLAVOR In creation of herbal preparations, especially those for oral application, flavor is one of the most important considerations. Many active compounds are bitter and unpalatable. The flavor of the preparation is the combination of several elements.
TASTE
Refers to the sensations perceived through the stimulation of receptor cells located on the tongue and oral cavity, known as taste buds. The five basic tastes are: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory).
AROMA (SCENT, ODOR)
Refers to the volatile chemical compounds perceived through the sense of smell and the stimulation of receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity. The aromatics reach the receptors either via the nose during normal breathing or via the nasopharyngeal passage during swallowing. Most aromas are mixtures of volatile chemical compounds and are rarely perceived individually.
MOUTHFEEL
Refers to sensations arising when chemical compounds directly stimulate free nerve endings, in a process called chemestesis. Most common are: cooling (caused by menthol or mint), numbing (clove oil or parabens), burning (ethanol, capsaicin).
TEXTURE
Refers to the tactile characteristics perceived in the oral cavity. Texture usually changes during chewing and swallowing. For liquid preparations, texture is described through viscosity (resistance to deformation; water has low viscosity, while syrup has much higher), smoothness, and mouthcoating. For solids, texture covers roughness, hardness, cohesiveness, fracturability, stickiness, and crunchiness.
TASTE MASKING
Flavoring agents reduce or eliminate unwanted flavors. To be effective, they must affect both the sense of taste and smell; adding a sweet aroma to a preparation will do nothing to mask the bitter taste, even if it will make the preparation more enticing before ingestion. To mask saltiness, add sweeteners and fruity flavors. Maple syrup, butterscotch, and marshmallow extract will enhance the fruity taste of strawberry, raspberry, orange, cherry, and watermelon. To mask sourness, use sweet carriers, like accacia or maple syrup, and suspensions which will form a protective coating over the taste buds. An addition of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) will change the pH of most acidic substances. An addition of fruity flavorings, like raspberry, tangerine, pineapple, or mango, will further mask the sourtaste. To mask bitterness, use sweeteners, whether natural or artificial. An addition of small amounts of salt (sodium chloride) will also reduce extreme bitterness. Using oily bases masks bitterness by protecting the taste buds from contact. The most advised are fixed oils, such as almond, peanut, sesame, olive, and corn oil. Popular flavoring agents useful in masking bitterness are: chocolate, spearmint, caramel, orange, tangerine, marshmallow, and banana. Sweet and savory tastes are rarely considered a problem in herbal preparations, but may be enhanced. Most popular and widely available sweeteners are: sugar (beet or cane), honey, stevia extract, corn syrup, accacia syrup, maple syrup, dates, molasses, agave nectar, coconut sugar. Savory (umami) is the taste of glutamate, often found in green tea, aged cheeses, cured meats, tomatoes, mushrooms, salmon, steak, andanchovies.
Practical Herbalist | 247
mortar and pestle
clippers, scissors, and sickle
leather gloves
tweezers
sieve
colander
funnel
eye dropper
censer
notebook
basket
Fig. 4.1 Herbalist's Equipment
248 | Practical Herbalist
EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES BASIC TOOLS
ɜ clippers, scissors, or a sickle (some magical plants might require the tools made from a special material, like wood, silver, or gold) ɜ tweezers (for handling small, precious, or dangerous material) ɜ knives (sharp for cutting; dull for magical, ritual practice) ɜ basket or a bag (canvas or cotton, preferably with pockets to avoid mixing gathered herbs) ɜ bowl (preferably non-metallic and heat-resistant) ɜ spoons, spatulas, cutting boards ɜ kettle, pans, and pots (preferably with a double-boiler insert for melting) ɜ gloves (thick leather or multi-layer fabric for handling thorns and prickles; rubber or latex for handling toxic substances, preferably disposable) ɜ mortar & pestle (for crushing and grinding the raw material; usually made of hard wood, metal, ceramic, orhard stone, like granite or marble) ɜ sieve (for separating wanted material from unwanted based on the particle size distribution) ɜ cheesecloth (for straining, preferably unbleached cotton) ɜ tea press, strainer, or colander ɜ scale, measuring cups ɜ funnel (for filling bottles) ɜ eye-droppers (for precise dosage of liquids) ɜ censer (for burning incense) ɜ spice grinder or cheese grater (for grinding hard substances, like resins, nutmeg, or peppercorns) ɜ storage containers (twist or mason jars, tins, spray bottles, vials, dropper bottles; all reusable if thoroughly cleaned and sterilized; dark glass, usually amber or cobalt, can withstand certain levels of UV contamination— use it for light-sensitive compounds) ɜ labels (for documentation) ɜ notebook and writing utensils
BASIC SUPPLIES
ɜ herbs, processed and stored according to their needs ɜ clean water ɜ solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, ether, chloroform) ɜ wax (beeswax or alternatives: soy, sunflower, olive, rice bran, or paraffin) ɜ oils (sunflower, olive, rapeseed, coconut, or other cooking oil) ɜ butter ɜ vinegar ɜ wine ɜ honey or other sweetener ɜ self-igniting charcoal blocks ɜ fabric and cords (preferably natural fiber and unbleached) ɜ candles (wax or paraffin)
ADVANCED LAB EQUIPMENT ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ
ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ ɜ
ɜ ɜ ɜ
microscope beakers, milliliter cylinders herb press blender or mixer alembic, retort, pot still, or steam distiller (for distillation of liquids through boiling and cooling to condense the vapor) florentine bottle (for distillation of flower oils) boiler (for steam creation) cooling tower (for cooling liquids or condensing steam) chiller (for quick lowering of temperature) blower (for evaporating) dehydrator (for dying) crucible (for melting metals and other substances in very high temperatures) oven (for baking or drying) heat exchangers (for transferring heat from one medium to another) centrifuge (for separation of liquids of different densities or liquids from solids) tank (for holding liquids) capsule-making machine tablet press
Practical Herbalist | 249
DOCUMENTATION No book will ever replace the practical experience of the herbalist. One of the most powerful items in each practitioner's toolkit is their notebook, covering all knowledge gathered during practice of the craft. Many herbalists exchange notes on encountered plants, recipes, and tricks of the trade, as it is impossible for an individual to discover everything on their own. Constant research and experimentation are necessary to progress on the path of herbalism, which calls for keeping detailed notes on the plants encountered and used, recipes and methods of preparation used, even hypotheses and rumors that may still need to be proven correct or erroneous. A herbalist should keep notes on gathered plants, including name, date and place of harvesting, and ephemeric qualities (color, scent, taste) that may be changed during the processing. Make notes on other important elements, like growing habits, pests, surrounding area, importance in the local ecosystem, and traditional uses. While the first-hand experimental study has the highest learning potential, do not discount the knowledge of the locals; magical practitioners, healers, foresters, foragers, and hunters often possess awealth of lore about the native flora, as well as about threats and opportunities waiting for gatherers. Writing down recipes is a common practice for a herbalist. Remember that any instructions are just guidelines that require years of practice and experimentation to bring to perfection. Working with the natural world is an exact science, but achieving the level of exactness is often impossible in field conditions. The levels of active compounds in any plant will vary depending on multiple variables, and nothing but the skill brought by practice (or awell equipped laboratory) can ensure the highest quality of preparations each time.
250 | Practical Herbalist
Keep track of all preparations made, preferably in detailed notes covering: ɜ botanical information of herbs used (name, parts used, stage of vegetative development, site, location, climate zone, condition of the ingredients) ɜ batch number and size (use the same number on all labels from the batch) ɜ supplier of herbal material ɜ time of harvesting and processing (date, time of day, Moon cycle) ɜ characteristics of the preparation (type, ratio, sensory descriptions) ɜ methods used for processing to produce the preparation ɜ details of procedures (known as master formula: quantity of materials, extraction solvent, additives, steps of operation, operational conditions, and all other relevant information) ɜ weight or amount of the preparation ɜ batch production (notes on deviations of the master formula) ɜ quality control parameters (identification tests, tests on water contents and impurities, contamination, residual solvents) ɜ storage conditions and containers ɜ shelf life
BOOKS
A herbarium is a special type of herbalist's lore source, containing dried, flattened plants attached to the pages with strips of paper. Agood herbarium contains average specimens of herbs, notes on the plants' locations and dates of gathering, and exhaustive descriptions of the botanical qualities. A herbal is a book describing the use of plants. It might focus on the botanical, medicinal, magical, or poisonous properties, or cover all in any proportions. In some cases, herbals include recipes and instructions for herbal preparations. Unlike herbaria, herbals may be mass-produced, as they don't require including specimens.
STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION Correct storage often makes the difference between the useful herbal medicine and a rancid, foul product, worthy only of utilization. Keeping the preparations in proper conditions prolongs their shelf life and protects them from microbial and insect contamination, rodents, and other pests. It also keeps the preparations outside of reach of children or persons otherwise unauthorized. Suitable packaging must provide not only protection against physical damage, but also from exposure to light, heat, moisture, and insect attack. Each type of preparation has a diffent shelf life, ranging from less than a day to years. Study your recipes carefully and store the preparations according to the type; in general, cold and dry places will prolong the shelf life of preparations, as they limit bacterial growth. The addition of preservatives (like vitamin E or rosemary oil) slows down the process of oxidization, also prolonging shelf life of oils, salves, etc. ɜ water-based preparations: 24—48 hours (can be stored longer if refrigerated or frozen) ɜ steam-distilled hydrosols (herbal distillates): 12—24 months ɜ oil-based preparations: 6 months to3 years ɜ alcohol-based preparations: 2—5 years (at least 25% alcohol; higher percentage results in a later expiration date) ɜ vinegar-based preparations: up to 6 months (at least 5% vinegar) ɜ sugar-based preparations: 6—12 months (depending on the sweetener and sugar concentration) ɜ dried herbs: 12—24 months if kept whole; 6—12 months if powdered The storage facility should be big enough to orderly store the whole stock, clean, dry, sufficiently lit (but away from direct sunlight), and allow for control of temperature
and humidity. Keeping the preparations away from sunlight protects the UV-sensitive active compounds of the preparation (like digoxin in foxglove). Store them in bottles made of tinted glass; amber and cobalt blue are the commonly used colors. All containers should be clearly labeled with the scientific names of the herbs, dosages, dates and procedures of processing, potency of the active ingredients, batch number, recommended storage conditions, and the expiry date. Check your storage often and dispose of any expired preparations. To reduce waste, use the 'first in, first out' system—the oldest preparations (as long as they are not expired) should be used first, and keep an exact inventory of all preparations and their expiration dates to avoid forgetting about a dusty old batch stashed at the back of the warehouse. Dispose of toxins and expired preparations according to the local laws, taking necessary precautions to not poison the environment or animals that might access the waste. A traveling herbalist will not be able to ensure unchanging, controlled storage conditions for their preparations. Pack your containers in sturdy, waterproof chests or boxes filled with packing material (straw, crumpled paper, wool, soft fabric, etc.) to reduce the effect of changing temperature, pressure, and humidity, and protect them from breaking. Consider using metal (steel or tin), enamel, ceramic, fabric, or paper containers instead of glass when possible, or invest in reusable, shock-absorbing or tempered glass vials and bottles to keep your preparations safe. If creating preparations in the field and refilling containers, remember to clean and sterilize them thoroughly, as any residue will contaminate the preparation and may ruin it completely.
Practical Herbalist | 251
Recipes This chapter covers the basic methods of creating herbal preparations, from the simplest infusions for oral application to incenses and baths used in herbal magic. Each method includes notes on useful preparations, representative for the method. Follow the basic instructions using the listed ingredients to produce abatch of a desired preparation. Wherever possible, we have adjusted the recipes for use in field conditions and provided notes on replacing ingredients and modifying recipes depending on availability of tools andsupplies. Use the described methods as a base for future experimentation. Remember to keep notes on created preparations—as long as you are writing everything down, it is something akin to science. Other herbalists might be willing to compare notes, too.
MEASUREMENTS
As the methods of measurement vary between lands and cultures, we have made every effort to make this book useful to all. Hence, the recipes in this book are mostly using proportions of ingredients instead of absolute units. While scales are one of the most important tools in the herbalist's equipment, the use of them is sometimes impractical or impossible. If necessary, use other methods of comparing the weight or volume; as long as the relative proportions of the ingredients are kept the same, the preparation should work just fine, even if the size of the batch will vary. If the exact proportions or plant parts are not mentioned, use what's available. Remember that in case of proper dosage, the aforementioned method is not applicable. If the recipe calls for three drops of apotion to be administered to the patient, follow it exactly.
UNITS OF WEIGHT MEASUREMENT Metric
Imperial (Avoirdupois)
Apothecaries' Weight
1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 g
1 grain = 0.065 g
1 grain = 0.065 g
1 gram = 1 g
1 dram = 27.344 grains = 1.772 g
1 scruple = 20 grains = 1.296 g
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g
1 ounce = 16 drams = 28.35 g
1 dram = 3 scruples = 3.888 g
1 pound = 16 ounces = 454 g
1 ounce = 8 drams = 31.103 g
1 stone = 14 pounds = 6.35 kg
1 pound = 12 ounces = 373.24 g
252 | Recipes
LIST OF RECIPES 1.
Anointing Oil
p. 255
41.
p. 254
Invisibility Potion
2.
Antifreeze Paste
p. 258
42. Iron Breaker
p. 260
3.
Astral Journey Cataplasm
p. 258
43. Lie Sniffer
p. 260
4.
Banishing Vinegar
p. 262
44. Liquid Luck
p. 254
5.
Basilisk's Venom Antidote
p. 258
45. Lock-Picking Gum
p. 260
6.
Berserker's Beer
p. 263
46. Love Philter Antidote
p. 256
7.
Blood Wine
p. 263
47.
Lover's Visage
p. 264
8.
Broken Heart Honey
p. 262
48. Lycanthropy Cure
p. 254
9.
Camouflage Soap
p. 265
49. Magic Detection Oil
p. 261
10.
Chill Pill
p. 259
50. Magic Sight Tincture
p. 256
11.
Closemouth
p. 260
51.
p. 258
Mending Paste
12.
Courage Oil
p. 255
52. Mental Protection Tea
p. 254
13.
Curse-Breaking Bath
p. 265
53. Necromancer's Aid
p. 266
14. Deep Focus
p. 266
54. Night Owl Soup
p. 261
15.
Disillusionment Ointment
p. 257
55. Oracle Syrup
p. 255
16.
Divine Soap
p. 265
56. Orvietan
p. 259
17.
Dream Pillow
p. 267
57.
p. 267
18.
Elixir of Heroes
p. 256
58. Peace Oil
p. 255
19.
Elixir of Life
p. 256
59. Pest-Be-Gone
p. 265
20. Energizing Vapors
p. 266
60. Philter of Love
p. 254
21.
p. 260
61.
Plant Growth Oil
p. 261
22. Eternal Bond
p. 264
62. Powder of Protection
p. 259
23. Eternal Sun Bath
p. 265
63. Protection from Evil Spirits
p. 257
24. Fertility Sachet
p. 267
64. Rain-Bringer
p. 267
25. Fey-Tal Attraction
p. 261
65. Removal of Bad Habits
p. 267
26. Fire Resistance Bath
p. 265
66. Safe-Travels Paste
p. 258
27.
p. 263
Energy Boost Gum
Package of Good Spirits
Firestarter
p. 264
67.
28. Flying Ointment
p. 257
68. Shapeshifter's Bane
p. 259
29. Funeral Lotion
p. 257
69. Shrinking Drops
p. 256
30. Ghost-Speech Syrup
p. 255
70. Sleep Elixir
p. 256
31.
p. 262
71.
p. 267
32. Golden Lure
p. 261
72. Snake Charmer
33. Good Mood Vapors
p. 266
73. Strengthening Syrup
p. 255
34. Goodnight Wine
p. 263
74. Success in Business
p. 267
35. Green Oil of Charity
p. 257
75.
36. Healing Candle
p. 266
76. Treasure Hunter
Glue of Attachment
Seer's Wine
Smoke of Purification
Summoning Candle
p. 266
p. 266 p. 260
p. 254
77.
p. 264
78. Wardroot Gum
p. 260
39. Heightened Senses Cream
p. 257
79. Water-Breathing Capsule
p. 259
40. Illusionist's Trick
p. 264
80. Wayfarer's Beer
p. 263
37.
Healing Potion
38. Hide Scent
Universal Solvent
p. 262
Recipes | 253
INFUSIONS A preparation of volatile plant material (usually dried leaves, flowers, or berries), which readily releases its active components in liquids (usually water). Boil and pour over the herb, allow to steep for an appropriate amount of time, dependent of the herb (seconds, minutes, hours, days, or even months; usually 2-20 minutes). For a strong infusion, use 1 part of herb to 16 parts of water. For a moderate infusion, use 1 part of herb to 24 parts of water. For a weak infusion (tea), use 1 part of herb to 32 parts of water (ca. 8 g to 250 ml).
Drink daily to renew the internal reserves of mental and emotional energy. 2 parts tea, elder flowers, and rose hips 1 part linden flowers and althaea root
PHILTER OF LOVE
Causes a strong infatuation and lust. Illegal in most societies. We do not include the exact recipe, just the ingredients to help in identification and applying correct treatment to the afflicted. adder's tongue, ginger, mistletoe, vanilla
HEALING POTION
A basic strengthening infusion. Enhances regeneration of tissue and reduces bleeding. 4 parts plantain leaves, dried 3 parts burning bush root, dried 2 parts amaranth flowers 1 part pomegranate seeds
C
Infusions are the easiest and most popular preparations, usually sold as mixes of dried herbs called teas or tisanes, ready for preparation by the end user. Finished infusions can be stored at room temperature for a couple hours, but lose flavor.
MENTAL PROTECTION TEA
DECOCTIONS A method of extraction by boiling plant material, usually in water. Unlike infusions, decoctions are created from harder plant parts, like seeds, roots, bark, stems, or rhizomes. Cover the plant material with cold water, bring it to boil in a saucepan or cauldron, cover with a lid, then simmer for 20 minutes to an hour. Remove from heat and allow to cool for a couple of minutes. Strain and drink as desired or use in other preparation (syrups, creams, etc.). The exact proportions vary depending on the desired strength of the preparation. Most decoctions use plant material and water in 1:50 ratio (a teaspoon of a herb mix to a cup of water); harder materials might be used more than once.
254 | Recipes
LIQUID LUCK
Bestows a higher chance of success. 1 part of each: allspice fruits, dandelion root, dogwood bracts, fern fronds, sandalwood bark a single four-leaf clover
INVISIBILITY POTION
Turns the drinker invisible until the potion is metabolized. Affects only sense of vision. 10 parts amaranth seeds 2 parts fern spores 1 part aconite root and dried hellebore petals
LYCANTHROPY CURE
Removes the curse. Drink during new moon. 6 parts peony seeds 4 parts wormwood root 2 parts skullcap flowers 1 part moonwort fronds
ESSENTIAL OILS A concentrated hydrophobic (water-repellent) liquid containing volatile chemical compounds. It is considered to contain the essence of the plant's fragrance and magical potential. Extraction of oils requires complex equipment, e.g. for processes of steam distillation, solvent extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, or cold pressing. In practice, it is best to buy essential oils from a trusted producer or retailer and mix them into blends depending on the goal of the preparation. The medicinal properties of essential oils are not confirmed. The use of undiluted oils on skin may cause allergic reactions, inflammation, irritation, and even blistering.
Smeared on altars, tools, and other materials prior to a magical ritual. 4 drops sandalwood oil 2 drops cedar oil and cinnamon oil 1 drop orange oil
COURAGE OIL
Increases confidence and overcomes all kinds of fear-invoking magical effects. Apply to a piece of clothing. 4 drops of ginger oil 2 drops of mullein oil 1 drop of clove oil
PEACE OIL
Promotes peace and discourages violent acts. Mind compulsion effect. 4 drops of dragon's blood oil 3 drops of lavender oil 2 drops of rosemary oil
C
Essential oils are best used in aromatherapy or added in minute doses to perfumes, ointments, soaps, candles, and incenses.
ANOINTING OIL
SYRUPS A thick, sweet liquid: a saturated solution of sugar in pure water or another aqueous liquid. Beloved by kids and useful for disguising the taste of bitter active compounds. Unlike many other preparations, syrups don't require preservatives and have a long shelf life (although they might start to crystallize; syrups containing honey or vinegar require refrigeration). Use 2 parts of herbal decoction to 1 part of sweetener. Mix with low heat until sugar fully dissolves, then simmer for 20—30 minutes. Optionally, add a flavoring syrup or alcohol, allow to cool, add an essential oil if desired. Pour into small, dark bottles. Common sweeteners: white or brown sugar, maple syrup, honey, agave syrup, vegetable glycerin, rice syrup.
GHOST-SPEECH SYRUP
Allows conversing with the dead. 5 parts amaranth seeds and cedar bark 4 parts chrysanthemum petals 2 parts yew berries, deseeded
ORACLE SYRUP
Brings prophetic dreams. Drink before sleep. 10 parts dandelion flowers 6 parts mint leaves 4 parts coltsfoot root 2 parts mugwort leaves 1 part star anise seeds
STRENGTHENING SYRUP
Helps fighting off diseases and poisons. 6 parts pine needles or tips 1 part oak acorns, powdered Replace water with pomegranate juice in the decoction for a stronger effect.
Recipes | 255
ELIXIRS A sweet hydro-alcoholic preparation with a low alcohol content. Usually medicinal or otherwise beneficial, with active compounds dissolved in a 15—50% alcohol solution (30—100 proof), sweetened with sugar, honey, syrup, or substitutes. Additional flavoring agents are often introduced to improve the drinking experience. A standard dose ranges from a teaspoon to a shot or a wine glass.
Bestows courage and helps achieving goals. Caution gets thrown to the wind. 4 parts yarrow flowers 3 parts nettle 2 parts mullein flowers 1 part galbanum
SLEEP ELIXIR
Brings restful sleep without dreams. 3 parts lavender flowers and catnip leaves 2 parts linden flowers 1 part poppy seeds
ELIXIR OF LIFE
Restores youth, prolongs life. Drink every day to completely stop the aging process. 5 parts heather and edelweiss flowers 3 parts linden syrup and lady's mantle dew 1 part yellow chrysanthemum petals, ginseng root, and life-everlasting bracts
C
Wash and chop the plant material, put in a glass jar, cover with alcohol. Leave in a dark, cold place for at least 2 weeks, shake occasionally. Open when ready, strain. Add sweeteners and flavoring agents as desired, add water to achieve the correct strength of the preparation. Pour into cork-stopped bottles; single-dose are most convenient. Store in a cold, dark place for up to a month.
ELIXIR OF HEROES
TINCTURES A concentrated liquid preparation with a high alcohol content, usually made to extract compounds, such as resins and alkaloids, that are not water-soluble—the less soluble in water are the compounds, the stronger the alcohol needed.
LOVE PHILTER ANTIDOTE
Wash and chop the plant material, put it in an airtight jar. Pour high-proof alcohol over them (80—180 proof; 40—90%). For fresh herbs, use 1:1 plant-to-alcohol ratio; for dry, use 4 parts of alcohol for 1 part of herbs. Seal the jar for at least 6 weeks and set aside in a dark, cool place. Shake occasionally.
Each drop halves the current size of the person. Apply to the top of the head. 4 parts knotgrass stems 1 part tobacco oil
Once ready, open the jar and strain into small dropper bottles, preferably made from dark glass. The dosage of medicinal tinctures vary depending on age of the patient; magical tinctures usually have a set dosage.
256 | Recipes
7 drops break the effect of love philters. 6 parts geranium flowers 3 parts lotus seeds and nettle leaves 1 part moonwort fronds
SHRINKING DROPS
MAGIC SIGHT TINCTURE
Put a single drop under the tongue to see the flow of magic. Max. 1/day; highly toxic above that dose. 4 parts hawkweed flowers 3 parts mugwort flowers 1 part baneberry juice, powdered calabar beans, and lily of the valley flowers
CREAMS AND LOTIONS Lotions (thinner) and creams (thicker) are moisturizing combinations of water and fat. As they don't mix, ingredients must be emulsified (joined) with substances capable of combining them, such as lanolin, glycerin, or lecithin, or thoroughly blended together. Add beeswax to thicken and harden a cream made without an emulsifier.
PROTECTION FROM EVIL SPIRITS
General proportions are as follows: 60— 80% of water base (distilled water, infusion, decoction, or tincture); 12—14% oil base (fixed or herb-infused oil); 0.5—1% preservative (vitamin E oil or rosemary essential oil), emulsifier (optional), fixative (optional, beeswax). Start with water base in a blender. In a double-boiler, gently heat oil, add beeswax, let it melt, then cool. Add oil and wax slowly to the working blender, mix until completely joined, with smooth consistency and no water droplets.
Apply to a corpse to safely send the soul away. The soul can never be brought back nor the body animated with magic. 6 parts basil and parsley leaves 2 parts life-everlasting flowers 1 part black hellebore root and ivy fruits
Apply to skin to protect yourself from possession and mind-affecting magic of spirits. 4 parts althaea root and stems 3 parts angelica root 2 parts fumitory flowers 1 part dragon's blood, powdered
FUNERAL LOTION
HEIGHTENED SENSES CREAM
C
Apply a small amount to the face to sharpen all senses. Overdose causes hallucinations. 3 parts geranium flowers and ginseng root 1 part hawkweed petals and mandrake fruits
OINTMENTS, SALVES, AND UNGUENTS A viscous, semi-solid preparation, most commonly a greasy, thick oil (80% oil, 20% water), usually intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. It is very moisturizing and good for dry skin. Salve is a medical ointment used to soothe the surface of the body. Unguent is a less viscous, more oily ointment. Common bases: beeswax, wool fat, emulsifying wax, paraffin, vegetable oil, animal fats, and macrogols (polyethylene glycol). Ointments are created in two ways: through fusion (melting ingredients together in descending order of their melting points and stirred continuously) or through trituration (insoluble material is ground with a small amount of base followed by dilution with more base material).
FLYING OINTMENT
Apply to inanimate objects to bestow flight. In skin contact toxic and hallucinogenic. 1 part aconite juice, deadly nightshade fruits, and fresh moonwort fronds 4 parts base + water
DISILLUSIONMENT OINTMENT
Apply under the eyes to spot invisible creatures and see though illusions and glamors. 6 parts calendula petals, dried 2 parts witch hazel bark, powdered 1 part of rosewater 3 drops of thyme oil 20 parts base + water
GREEN OIL OF CHARITY
A popular salve for healing wounds. 4 parts adder's tongue leaves, chopped 10 parts base (1:1 vegetable and animal)
Recipes | 257
POULTICES A vegetable material, whole or mashed, applied externally to the skin or a mucous membrane. Also known as cataplasms, they are mostly used medicinally, to speed up the healing of wounds, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation.
BASILISK'S VENOM ANTIDOTE
Moisten the plant material (usually leaves) and apply to the surface, then bind in place with a clean cloth or a bandage. Water is used in most cases, but the herbs can also be moistened with alcohol or even saliva. Some poultices use excipients like bran or flour to bulk up the preparation, mostly for the use of application.
ASTRAL JOURNEY CATAPLASM
Apply to the forehead and meditate to send your consciousness on a spiritual trip. The preparation includes ingredients protecting you during the journey, but they do not guarantee finding your way back—include 1 part of ripe rowan fruits to ensure safe path home back. If more than one person uses the preparation from the same batch at the same time, they will travel together through the astral space. 5 parts mugwort and coltsfoot leaves 3 parts hawthorn fruits 2 parts juniper fruits
C
A poultice might be smeared on a bandage prior to the application, creating a plaster. Plasters do not have a long shelf life (up to a day), but their application is easier for people who are not skilled herbalists.
The strongest known antivenom. 10 parts basil 4 parts ivy wood, powdered 2 parts oak leaves 1 part garlic juice
PASTES Paste combines three agents: oil, water, and powder. The preparation is made in the same way as an ointment, only with an addition of powders (talcum powder, corn starch, or powdered dry plants). Unlike an ointment, it is not necessarily prepared for application to the skin. Some pastes—most notably food pastes— are intended for ingestion. The material is turned into a paste through grinding, blending, or even chewing, then often cooked or fermented to prolong the shelf life. Salt, sugar, vinegar, and citric acid are common food paste preservatives. In most cases, the correct dose is whatever's necessary to cover the target with a thin layer of paste. In case of food pastes, adjust for enjoyment of life and appetite.
258 | Recipes
SAFE-TRAVELS PASTE
Smear on the soles of shoes for protection. 4 parts comfrey and chrysanthemum 2 parts garlic, baked 1 part lucky hand root
MENDING PASTE
Apply to an inanimate object to fix physical damage: scrapes, breaks, dents, etc. 5 parts plantain and catnip 3 parts dogwood wood, powdered 2 parts galbanum
ANTIFREEZE PASTE
Add to food to delay the onset of hypothermia in cold conditions. 10 parts red pepper 3 parts garlic 2 parts oregano salt and vinegar to taste
POWDERS Probably the easiest of preparations, powders are nothing more but a dried and finely ground plant material. A mortal and pestle are highly beneficial for this process, but if even that is unavailable, the herbs might be ground between two rocks or even in the herbalist's fingers in case of more delicate material. Finely ground powders, especially if they combine several herbs, are more powerful, as their strength comes from the degree of extraction and combining of active consituents. They can be later used in pastes, wines, and other preparations.
Toss the powder at the shapeshifter to forcibly return them to their natural form and disallow further transformation until all powder is not washed off. 1 part aconite root and catnip flowers
ORVIETAN
Cure against acute poisonings, bites and stings of venomous animals. Mix 1:10 with white wine, add honey to taste. 4 parts angelica root 3 parts thistle leaves, dethorned 2 parts juniper berries and bay berries 1 part burning bush leaves, cinnamon bark, and cloves
POWDER OF PROTECTION
Sprinkle to cast a circle around a target. 1 part of calabar beans, dried calotropis latex, rue flowers, and hawthorn bark
C
A single dose of powder is usually a pinch (about 0.5 g). Powders containing volatile compounds lose their power quickly in contact with air, but if stored in airtight containers, they will last for months.
SHAPESHIFTER'S BANE
PILLS, TABLETS, AND CAPSULES Small, round, and solid preparations intended for ingestion. 'Pill' is a general term; tablets are a mixture of excipients and active substances in the for of compressed powder, while capsules are powders or liquid-based preparations surrounded by a relatively stable (hard or soft) shell that dissolves in the digestive tract. Most tablets include excipients and binders, such as lactose, sucrose, corn starch, and cellulose. They keep the tablet intact prior to ingestion, but also speed up the disintegration of it once ingested, releasing the active, powdered plant material. Pills require specialized equipment to create (molds, presses, or capsule makers), but allow for production of consistent doses with a long shelf life.
WATER-BREATHING CAPSULE
Chew open while underwater; a single capsule lasts about an hour. The preparation does not create oxygen, it only allows the user to extract the oxygen dissolved in the water. Hence, it does not allow breathing in anoxic waters (devoid of dissolved oxygen) or in other liquids that do not contain oxygen. Summoning an air elemental might be the only solution in such cases. 5 parts fish oil or coconut oil 3 parts lady's mantle dew 2 parts purslane 1 part horsetail and willow catkins
CHILL PILL
Calms emotions and restores balance. 2 parts lavender and lemon balm flowers 1 part geranium leaves, lady's mantle flowers, and myrrh
Recipes | 259
HARD CANDIES In medicine, this preparation is known as pastilles or lozenges (especially when intended to treat throat problems), but the herbalist's practice reaches beyond medicine. Hard candies are, in essence, a thick syrup with added flavoring or coloring, poured into a mold or onto a flat surface, then broken into pieces. It stores indeterminately, as long as it is in a dry, airtight container. Moisture will quickly turn it into a sticky goo.
LIE SNIFFER
Mix 2 parts water, 3 parts syrup and 8 parts sugar. Use herb-infused syrups or water-based herbal preparations to introduce chosen herbs and their magical properties. Combine the sugar, syrup, and water in a pot, bring to a boil, stir, and cook under a cover until sugar completely dissolves. Uncover and cook until ready; pour into a cornstarch-covered mold.
Helps to find what has been purposefully hidden or obscured. razkovniche, hawkweed, pomegranate
Disperses deceit, making you immune to other people's lies. Does not work on the lies you tell yourself, but freshens the breath. mint, red clover, sage, snapdragon, clove
IRON BREAKER
Removes the effects of iron allergy until fullydissolved. moonwort, vervain
TREASURE HUNTER
CLOSEMOUTH
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Causes the orifice to close, making speech (or any other use) impossible until the candy dissolves or is removed. linden, galbanum, dandelion
CHEWING GUMS A soft, cohesive preparation designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Oldest recipes use tree sap, resin lumps, grains, or even waxes. Unless you can purchase ready-made gum base from your supplier, natural food-grade beeswax is the easiest way of making chewing gum.
LOCK-PICKING GUM
Melt 8 parts of beeswax in a double boiler until it is soft and gooey. Add 3 parts of honey or syrup (herb-infused is preferable), stir until joined, then add extra flavorings, oils, or finely chopped herbs. Stir in 16 parts of powdered sugar, until the mixture thickens. Pour into molds; ice cube trays or small candy and chocolate molds work best. Refrigerate until fully hardened.
Acts as a pick-me-up: a strong stimulant that chases away sleep, removes tiredness, and microdoses adrenaline. Chain use causes hyperalertness, headaches, and high strangeness. frankincense, life-everlasting, oregano, pine, hawkweed
For sugar-free gums, replace powdered sugar with stevia and drop the honey.
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Chew and stick into a lock to open it. The gum is extremely hard to remove afterwards and contains your saliva for purposes of magical detection or tracking. hawkweed, lotus petals, razkovniche
ENERGY BOOST GUM
WARDROOT GUM
Turns sour if you are in imminent danger, even if you have not noticed it. yarrow, wormwood, and peony roots
INFUSED OILS A simple preparation with relatively short shelf life. Infused oils are used in cooking, to drizzle over salads and to introduce new flavors to otherwise simple dishes. Use fresh or dried herbs; the lower the water content, the longer the oil will last (up to a month with fresh herbs, several months with dried). Bruise them gently and put in a pot. Cover with oil (about 4 parts of oil to 1 part of herbs for culinary oils) and warm up over low heat for 5-10 minutes; do not let it overheat, simmer, or boil. Turn off the heat and let the herbs infuse the oil for about 1 hour. Strain into a clean, dry glass bottle or jar. Cover tightly, and store away from heat and light.
Coat an item with a thin layer to make it look and feel like pure gold; attracts dragons. 10 parts sunflower oil 4 parts calendula petals, dried 2 parts bloodroot petals, dried
MAGIC DETECTION OIL
Heats up and glows with a warm light in presence of magic. Prolonged exposure and strong magic fields may cause an explosion. Do not apply to the skin or beard. 10 parts coconut oil 1 part calabar beans, chopped and roasted
PLANT GROWTH OIL
Spray on the leaves to encourage growth and remove insects. 25 parts sunflower oil 6 parts bleach-free dish soap 1 part chamomile and lucky hand flowers
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In absence of heat, make a cold infusion; it will take 4—6 weeks in a warm spot, away from sunlight.
GOLDEN LURE
SOUPS A common preparation, more often made in the kitchen than in a laboratory. It is a primarily liquid food, based on water, milk, or stock. Boil meat and/or vegetables (sometimes prepared beforehand by roasting or frying them with onions and garlic) in the base until the flavors are extracted, season with herbs and spices, and serve hot or cold, as a full meal or just the first dish of many.
NIGHT OWL SOUP
There are about as many recipes for soups as there those who make and eat them. Some are left clear, others are thickened with starch, cream, shellfish, eggs, or butter, others yet are blended into a creamy consistency. Some soups include noodles, rice, cheese, or croutons (rebaked bread cubes) for additional nutritional value. Perfect for cold days and nights.
A beautiful, colorful, incredibly aromatic soup made of vegetable broth and flower petals. While toxic to most mammals, itis afavorite of the fey, who will go to great lengths to get a bowl of this soup. Thescent attracts feyfolk and small critters. equal parts of: elder, foxglove, hawthorn, primrose, and lily of the valley flowers. Add glitter for extra dazzle.
A delicious, hearty meal, bestowing night vision and clarity of mind until dawn. 1 portion of root vegetable soup: any or all of turnips, parsnips, carrots, or potatoes 4 sage leaves, chopped and roasted with the vegetables 3 peony petals, chopped and added right before eating
FEY-TAL ATTRACTION
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HONEYS Herb-infused honeys are a common preparation with a long shelf life, safe to store for up to 1 year in room temperature. Sterilize the equipment prior to making honey. Pack a jar full of fresh, dry herbs and cover them with honey; make sure all plant material is covered. Close the lid and set aside for 1—4 weeks, shaking and rotating occasionally to even the distribution of herbs. For a quick but less nutritious honey, pour honey over herbs in a double boiler, warm for 1—4 hours, then strain.
A sweet medicine for heartbreak. Helps letting go of regret and attachments. Take one teaspoon at a time, up to 4 times a day. Mix with tea or drizzle over ice cream. chamomile flowers, clover flowers, lemon balm, primrose petals, vervain
GLUE OF ATTACHMENT
An inedible honey-based preparation. Smear on two objects that you want joined, keep them pressed together for 10—15 seconds, until the honey binds. Near-impossible to break by force; use three drops of Universal Solvent (below) to dissolve the honey in seconds. Be careful with your fingers. Keep away from children and careless herbalists. 20 parts knotgrass and lemon balm 6 parts ivy aerial roots 3 parts mistletoe fruit pulp, seedless
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Do not give honey to babies before their first birthday; it might contain spores of Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium capable of producing the neurotoxin botulinum leading to infantile botulism (symptoms: muscle weakness, weak cry, trouble breathing; requires urgent medical help).
BROKEN HEART HONEY
VINEGARS Vinegars are pantry staples and they require little effort; the acidity of vinegar protects the preparation from spoiling. The exact method depends on the type of herbs you have available. Vinegars have a shelf life of 2 months in room temperature, 6 months refrigerated. Fresh herbs and delicate plant material: loosely fill the jar with herbs, fully cover with room-temperature vinegar (white or red vine vinegar works best), close, and set aside for 2 weeks. Strain and use. Dried herbs and harder plant material: fill a heat-resistant jar in 1/3 with herbs. Bring vinegar to a simmer (not a full boil) over heat, pour over herbs until fully covered. Close the jar and set aside for a week. Strain and use.
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BANISHING VINEGAR
Sprinkle over an unwanted visitor, corporeal or ethereal. Useful during exorcisms and ghost-busting. 4 parts tobacco leaves 3 parts fumitory and rue 2 parts myrrh 1 part mandrake root
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
Dissolves all glues, varnishes, and paints. Pleasantly aromatic, but will also dissolve mucous membranes. Use gloves when handling, do not ingest. In case of skin or eye contact, rinse with a lot of water and get medical help. 7 parts pine resin 3 parts moonwort, thistle leaves, and hawthorn thorns 1 part razkovniche
WINES Wine making is a complex process requiring growing grapes, harvesting, crushing, pressing, fermenting, clarifying, aging, and bottling. Most beginner herbalists won't have access to the needed equipment, neither will they have the time and facilities required to make a single bottle of wine.
GOODNIGHT WINE
However, wine is a perfect carrier for many alcohol-soluble compounds, as it is extremely easy to mix with juices or enhance with herbs over heat. The natural dryness caused by the high tannin content of wine will mask the addition of other bitter compounds, while the sweeteners and flavorings can both hide the flavor of herbal remedy and strengthen the effect.
Use the surface for scrying, do not drink. bay leaves, star anise, deadly nightshade
SEER'S WINE
BLOOD WINE
A vegan, cruelty-free alternative to blood. Caustic and toxic to living beings, do not consume. A nutritious drink for various blood-drinking creatures, as long as they do not mind the toxicity. bloodroot juice, mix in 1:10 ratio with wine (optional) garlic powder, to give a vampire a nasty surprise
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Many people who object to herbal preparations will accept a glass of mulled wine.
Mulled wine. Drink hot before sleep to protect yourself from nightmares, sleep paralysis, dream magic, or unwelcome overnight visitors. peony seeds, poppy seeds, purslane juice, thyme leaves
BEERS As with wines, not many herbalists have access to a brewery. However, the process of brewing beer is simpler and less time-consuming. Specialized equipment in miniature form exists and is more-orless transportable, but herbalists often work with established brewers to create their bespoke, artisanal brews. The basic ingredients of beer are water and a fermentable starch source—any cereal will do, but most popular are malted (germinated) barley, millet, wheat, sorghum, rice, agave, or cassava. The cereal is fermented into alcohol using brewers' yeast and flavored with plants, such as hops (Humulus lupulus) or various herb mixes (gruit), often including mugwort, bog myrtle, horehound, heather, yarrow, ginger, carraway, nutmeg, mint, and cinnamon.
BERSERKER'S BEER
Induces a violent outburst of rage, affecting your willingness to take risks and assess danger. Partially removes inhibitions, but does not limit mental capacities. 10 parts bog myrtle leaves 8 parts mugwort 6 parts yarrow 2 parts ginger root, chopped 1 part juniper leaves and fruits
WAYFARER'S BEER
Imparts a supernatural sense of direction, leads you towards the closest source of water, and reduces the chance of getting lost by enhancing memory and spatial awareness. Bitter but fruity. 5 parts rowan fruits 3 parts sweetgrass 1 part witch hazel, dried inner bark
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co*ckTAILS An alcoholic drink, either a mix of different spirits or spirits mixed with other ingredients, like juice, syrup, or cream. The alcoholic concentration varies depending on the recipe and drinker's preferences. co*cktails are good preparations for active compounds and herbs that require an alcoholic solvent, especially when there is not enough time to create a tincture or an elixir. While chopped herbs mixed with vodka are technically a co*cktail, many herbalists prefer to put more effort into preparing the ingredients to strengthen their effect: juicing the herbs, using syrups as flavoring, adding candied fruits, and implementing specific mixing methods, like stirring counterclockwise or shaking.
Brings dreams about current or future beloved. Drink and stare blankly into the empty glass until a vision appears. 10 parts alcoholic base 3 parts fresh wormwood leaves (or a shot of absinthe instead of base alcohol) 2 parts thyme and oregano sprigs 1 part dried calendula petals
ETERNAL BOND
Creates an unbreakable bond between two people sharing the drink. Used during peace treaties, deals, and handfastings. Use without both parties' consent is illegal. 5 parts alcoholic base 3 parts knotgrass flowers, crushed 2 parts skullcap seeds, powdered 1 part pomegranate syrup (optional) 1 part rosewater to ensure the sides can't speak about their bond
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In a pinch, those chopped herbs with vodka will do the trick as well.
LOVER'S VISAGE
BLENDS Herbal blends are mixes of plant material, which can be used in their pure form. Unlike powders, they do not require careful grinding to combine the compounds. Unlike infusions, they do not require hot liquid to release their power. Blends combine dried herbs, roughly chopped or broken into pieces. Store them in an airtight container already combined or mix them in the field when necessary. Scatter the blend to the winds or on the ground, draw a ritual circle with it, or use it for sweeping the area. Some blends are prepared for smoking in a pipe, rolled in papers, or used in a vaporiser. These usually include hallucinogenic, stimulating, or relaxing volatile compounds, released under heat.
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FIRESTARTER
Keep the ingredients separately in air-tight containers. Mixed and exposed to oxygen, Firestarter explodes in a ball of flame within 5—6 seconds, igniting every flammable object it touches. 1 part shelled calabar beans, burning bush flowers, mullein hairs, dried clove fruits
ILLUSIONIST'S TRICK
Sprinkle while creating an illusion to make it more believable and harder to dispell. 1 part bloodroot petals and dogwood bark
HIDE SCENT
Scatter to remove all trackable scents. 5 parts dogwood bracts 4 parts fumitory and bloodroot flowers 2 part rose pricks 1 part galbanum
BATHS A simple preparation for herbs containing water-soluble active compounds and a perfect choice for spells and medicines affecting skin or entire body. There are a few ways to prepare a bath: ɜ bath tea: a weak infusion or a decoction, strained before adding to the bathwater ɜ bath salts: a mix of dried herbs and magnesium sulphate, also known as Epsom salts ɜ sachets: a mix of dried herbs in acheesecloth or other fabric working as a strainer ɜ loose herbs: easiest but require removing the plant material stuck to the body after the bath.
Breaks curses, hexes, and magically imposed conditions and diseases. Temporarily stains skin purple if elder fruits are used. angelica root, nettle, elder flowers or fruits, willow bark, wormwood flowers
ETERNAL SUN BATH
Brings confidence and respect. Makes you smell amazing, cleans your pores and moisturizes the skin. calendula petals, chamomile, sunflower ray flowers, frankincense, althaea
FIRE RESISTANCE BATH
Covers the body with a film providing fire resistance. Remove with alcohol. althaea root, heather, holly fruits, plantain, purslane stems, dried and aged deadly nightshade flowers
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An addition of candles and music during a bath might strengthen the effect.
CURSE-BREAKING BATH
SOAPS Soaps are best preparations for active compounds that are oil- or water soluble. They might be used as a part of a herbal bath or a simple shower or a visit to hot springs.
PEST-BE-GONE
Two basic methods of soap making exist: cold and hot. Both require animal fats or vegetable oils, lye (sodium hydroxide, known as caustic soda), and distilled water. In the cold process, a solution of lye in water is added to liquefied, warmed up oils, then blended in bursts until combined; in the hot process, extra heat is provided to speed up the process of saponification (turning the mixture into soap).
DIVINE SOAP
Add essential oils or herbs after combining oils and lye, pour into a mold, leave to set for 24—48 hours, then cut into bars and leave to cure for 4—6 weeks.
Repels all kinds of insects and blood-suckers. bog myrtle leaves, holly flowers, rue flowers, ground star anise seeds and seed pods
Cleanses the body and prepares the user for communing with deities or great spirits. Replace distilled water with dew collected from lotus flowers for better connection. lotus flowers, basil, edelweiss flowers, heal-all leaves
CAMOUFLAGE SOAP
Makes you blend with the environment, avoiding interest of potential observers. Unless you do something obviously suspicious, nobody will pay attention to you. powdered dogwood sapwood, heal-all flowers, fern, snapdragon seeds
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VAPORS From a chemical standpoint, vapor is a substance in the gas phase, but at a temperature lower than its critical (highest possible) temperature—consider mist vs. steam. For a herbalist, vapors are mostly water-based preparations containing volatile compounds, released into the atmosphere when heated. Vapors are commonly used in aromatherapy: add a couple drops of an essential oil (or other plant material) to hot water to create an aromatic mist.
GOOD MOOD VAPORS
Alternatively, boil water in a pan or a cauldron and add plant material to it, allowing it to simmer and fill the area with steam. This method is often used to purify areas, remove unpleasant smells in the kitchen, and introduce a volatile compound to a bigger area. The same method may be used to introduce toxic compounds into the atmosphere, but—of course—shouldn't.
Introduces a state of deep focus, stimulates mental acuity, improves memorization. galbanum, ginseng, lily of the valley, mandrake, myrrh, rosemary
Smells great, greatly improves mood. lily of the valley, rose, cinnamon
SNAKE CHARMER
Affects all snake-like, reptilian creatures in the area, turning them docile, sleepy, and peaceful. The effect does not suppress their survival instinct. calotropis, horsetail, plantain
DEEP FOCUS
ENERGIZING VAPORS
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Encourages to action, raises motivation to pursue personal goals. allspice, rosemary, bay leaves, thistle
CANDLES Candles are relatively easy to prepare: all they require is basic ingredients, a couple hours, a source of heat, and a small surface to work on. They are a convenient way to introduce color magic to the preparation. Prepare a container: a jar, tin, or a candle mold. Place the wick in the container— any natural fiber will do, but to strengthen the spell, consider using wicks made from calotropis or nettle fiber or even use dried mullein stems. Melt the wax in a double boiler, add coloring, essential oils, or herbs. Carefully pour the wax into the container, secure the wick with skewers to keep it upright. Leave until set (about 4hours in room temperature for a small jar candle). If using a mold, remove the candle from it when completely set. Cut the wick to size.
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NECROMANCER'S AID
Increases the probability of successful raising the dead, summoning their spirits, and animating corpses. Burn outside, do not inhale the fumes. black hellebore petals, yew needles, foxglove flowers, parsley leaves
HEALING CANDLE
Burn during medical or magical healing to fasten the regeneration of tissue. heal-all, powdered dragon's blood calotropis wicks are most suitable
SUMMONING CANDLE
A suitable offering for a summoned spirit. Extinguish the candle to send your guest away, even if they don't want to leave. rowan fruits and leaves, powdered star anise seeds, sandalwood essential oil
INCENSES An aromatic biological material releasing fragrant smoke when burnt; the name is used both for the material and the smoke. Direct-burning incense contains combustible materials (charcoal, bamboo stick, paper, rope) and is lit directly by a flame. Indirect-burning incense does not contain combustible materials and requires an external source of heat (usually charcoal or glowing embers).
Burn outdoors to bring rain within the natural abilities of the ecosystem. 10 parts fern, willow leaves, and heather 1 part razkovniche and coltsfoot
SMOKE OF PURIFICATION
Smolder and let the smoke fill the area. To purify objects, pass them through thesmoke. 1 part bay, cinnamon, and yarrow 5—10 drops of lavender oil 4 part frankincense or gum arabic
REMOVAL OF BAD HABITS
Burn outdoors in small amounts to destroy bad habits and repel self-destructive thoughts. Do not inhale the smoke. 8 parts cedar bark or wood 4 parts nettle, knotgrass, and thistle 1 part aconite or deadly nightshade
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Crush dried herbs in the mortar to the desired coarseness (finer powder will burn quicker). Add essential oils and mix, set aside for at least 12 hours. If desired, add resins and put on smoldering charcoal. For direct-burning incense, powder herbs and resins, mix into paste with oils, then add 10% total weight in potassium nitrate (saltpeter) and distribute evenly. Store in a glass jar out of the sunlight and away from heat.
RAIN-BRINGER
SACHETS AND PILLOWS Simple herbal preparations, requiring nothing more than a piece of fabric, leather, or even parchment and a selection of herbs. Create a simple bag, sachet, pillow, or an envelope in any color appropriate to the effect you are trying to achieve. Storebought containers are also fine. Fill it with dried herbs and/or other materials, like salt, semiprecious stones, spells written on pieces of paper, shells, and any other items of significance. Seal the container with wax, tie it with a piece of string or a ribbon, then place it where necessary: in a pocket, under the pillow, between clothes, in the wallet. There is no wrong way of preparing sachets, and many beginner herbalists start here to build their first spells.
SUCCESS IN BUSINESS
Place in the wallet or a purse to attract wealth and luck in games of chance. allspice, comfrey root, fumitory, hawkweed, lucky hand root
PACKAGE OF GOOD SPIRITS
Attracts the attention of helpful spirits. althaea, holly, raspberry, sweetgrass
DREAM PILLOW
Put under your pillow to strengthen dream magic and bring prophetic visions. bog myrtle, dandelion seeds, poppy petals, skullcap, tobacco
FERTILITY SACHET
Carry or place under the bedding to increase the probabilty of conception. horsetail, cinnamon, mint, mistletoe
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Toxins & Antidotes Dealing with toxins is a common occurrence in the life of a herbalist. From the 100 plants described in this book, almost 40 contain poisonous compounds and can cause irreparable harm if applied in a wrong way or dosage. It is vital for any herbalist to possess knowledge about poisons, venoms, toxins, and antidotes. Understanding the differences between them is the first step. POISON. A chemical substance that causes a biological disturbance in other organisms. TOXIN. A poison that is naturally, biologically produced by plants, animals, bacteria, etc. TOXICANT. A synthetic poison produced by human activity. VENOM. A poison produced by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions, typically injected by biting or stinging. POISONOUS. An organism that produces and injects poisons. VENOMOUS. An organism that produces and secretes poisons. ANTIDOTE. A remedy to counteract the effect of poison. PANACEA. An universal antidote and aremedy for all diseases.
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Toxicology is the field of science studying how natural or synthetic poisons cause undesirable effects in living organisms. Such effects are called harmful or adverse, i.e. damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual. Toxicity describes the degree to which asubstance is harmful. It depends on several factors: dose, duration, type of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption, injection, or skin contact), shape and structure of the chemical, and individual factors of the organism (e.g. the strength of the immune system). Selective toxicity means that the chemical will harm one type of aliving being while being safe for another. A dose is the amount of chemical that enters the body, either during acute (over a short time period, usually 24 hours) or long-term exposure. Lethal dose, known as LD50, is the amount of a substance that kills 50 percent of the tested population. It is usually expressed in mg/kg: milligrams of substance per kilogram of body mass. Due to obvious ethical concerns, the lethal doses are often calculated using mice or rats, not humans, which causes several problems—what is relatively safe for a rat might be deadly for a human, and vice versa: chocolate, mostly safe for humans, is alethal toxin for other mammals. The LD50 values vary from the least toxic water (90 g/kg) to the most toxic botulinum toxin (1 ng/kg = one billionth of agram per kilogram, about the weight of a single human cell).
ROLE OF TOXINS IN PLANTS
Through millennia of natural selection, plants have evolved methods of defending themselves. Some of them have produced thorns, spines, and prickles, others have implemented chemical protection. These compounds are usually secondary metabolites produced as adefense against threats such as bacteria, fungi, insects, and predators. Other toxins (phytoalexins) are produced as aresult of infestation with microorganisms (mold) or in response to climate stress (drought or extreme humidity).
COMMON PLANT TOXINS
ALKALOIDS. Compound containing nitrogen and derived from amino acid, with a strong physiological activity. Indole. Active on the central nervous system. Psilocibin ('magic mushrooms'), physostigmine (calabar bean), strychnine (strychnine tree), ergotamine (rye and other cereals contaminated with the fungus Claviceps purpurea). Pyrrolizidine. Damaging to the liver, causing hepatic veno-occlusive disease and liver cancer. Common in plants in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae and Fabaceae families: borage, comfrey, coltsfoot, forget-me-not. Tropane. Active on the autonomous nerve system. Atropine (deadly nightshade), scopolamine (henbane, thornapple), hyoscyamine (henbane, mandrake), cocaine (coca plant). Glycoalkaloids. Causing gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Solanine (potato, tomato, eggplant). TANNINS. Substances derived from phenolic acids, binding easily with proteins, cellulose, starches, and minerals. Resulting substances are insoluble and resistant to decomposition. Tannins are
extremely bitter, astringent, and interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Commonly occur in oak, tea, cinnamon, clove, grapes, pomegranate, thyme, and most unripe fruits. GLYCOSIDES. Molecules in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides, ready to be activated by enzymes. Cyanogenic. Release hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid). Amydgalin (bitter almond, seeds of apples, apricots, peaches, and plums). Cardiac (steroidal). Affect the heart function. Digitoxin (foxglove). FUROCOUMARINS. Stress toxins released in response to, e.g. physical damage to the plant. They cause gastrointestinal problems and are phototoxic: can cause severe stress reactions under sunlight (UVA exposure). Commonly found in parsnip, celery, giant hogweed, lemon, grapefruit. Furocoumarins often interact with other drugs, increasing or decreasing their effect, which is why one should avoid drinking grapefruit juice while on medication. LECTINS. These toxins enter eukaryotic cells and enzymatically inhibit protein synthesis. Ricin (castor bean), abrin (rosary pea), and lectins in many types of beans, especially red kidney bean. OTHER NATURAL TOXINS. Aquatic biotoxins (formed by algae, often contained in shellfish), botulinum (neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species), mycotoxins (produced by certain types of mold growing on foodstuffs), mushroom toxins (agarine and muscarine common in wild mushrooms, like fly agaric, Amanita muscaria), oxalates (needle-shaped crystals, present in rhubarb and beans).
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aconite flowers
rosary pea seeds
castor bean fruit and seed
strychnine tree fruit and seed
deadly nightshade flower
tobacco flower
manchineel fruit
water hemlock flowers
oleander flowers
white snakeroot flowers
Fig. 4.2 Notable Toxic Plants
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NOTABLE TOXIC PLANTS ACONITE
ROSARY PEA
CASTOR BEAN
STRYCHNINE TREE
DEADLY NIGHTSHADE
TOBACCO
MANCHINEEL
WATER HEMLOCK
Aconitum napellus Contains aconitine, a potent alkaloid neurotoxin and cardiotoxin (LD50 0.8 mg/kg in mice). Symptoms: numbness of face, abnormal sensation in the skin (tingling, 'fur-growing'), muscle weakness, hypotension, heart arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hyperventilation, sweating.
Risinus communis Source of castor oil used in production of soaps and lubricants. Seeds contain ricin, a watersoluble protein toxin (LD50 0.022 mg/kg in mice). Symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypotension, and seizures, which can last up to a week if they aren't lethal.
Atropa belladonna Contains tropane alkaloids: atropine (LD50 453 mg/kg in mice), scopolamine (LD50 1880 mg/kg in mice), hyoscyamine (LD50 375 mg/kg in rats). Symptoms: dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, increased heart rate, loss of balance, severe dryness of mouth, rash, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, convulsions, death.
Hippomane mancinella Contains phorbol (LD50 27 mg/kg in mice) and many other toxins in the milky-white sap present in every part of the tree. The sap causes severe contact dermatitis, blistering, burning, and tearing sensation. Fruits contain physostigmine (LD50 3 mg/kg in mice), an alkaloid causing nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomach pain, and seizures.
OLEANDER
Nerium oleander Contains oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside (LD50 0.24 mg/kg in cats). Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, irregular heart rhythm, vertigo, convulsions, coma. Sap causes skin and eye irritation.
Abrus precatorius Contains abrin, an extremely potent protein toxin (LD50 0.0007 mg/kg in mice). Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, colic, tachycardia and tremors. Death usually occurs after a few days due to kidney failure, heart failure, and/or respiratory paralysis. Skin exposure may cause an allergic reaction.
Strychnos nux-vomica Contains strychnine, a crystalline alkaloid used as pesticide (LD50 2 mg/kg in mice). Symptoms: muscle spasms, seizures, hypervigilance, agitation, respiratory failure, brain death. Seizures are often triggered by sights, sounds, or touch.
Nicotiana tabacum Contains nicotine, an alkaloid commonly used as a recreational stimulant and anxiety relief (LD50 3 mg/kg in mice). Nicotine is highly addictive, causing tolerance, as well as physical and psychological dependence. Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, hypertension, rapid breathing, sleepiness, seizures, respiratory paralysis.
Cicuta maculata Contains cicutoxin, an alcohol most concentrated in the roots (LD50 9 mg/kg in mice). Symptoms: violent and painful convulsions, nausea, tremors, projective vomiting, death. In survivors: long-term retrograde amnesia and damage to the central nervous system.
WHITE SNAKEROOT
Ageratina altissima Contains tremetol, a toxin mixture of about a dozen compounds, causing a disease called 'milk sickness' after human consumption of milk of cows who ingested white snakeroot. Symptoms: trembling, vomiting, severe intestinal pain, weakness, loss of muscle coordination, stupor, coma, death.
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USES OF POISONS ARROW POISON
Used on arrows, darts, or other weapons capable of reaching the bloodstream; also known as curare. Commonly created from plants non-toxic following ingestion, like Strychnos toxifera and Chonodendron tomentosum, which allows for eating the meat of an animal poisoned in this way. Make a light syrup out of the roots, bark, stems, or other parts of the plant, then coat the tips of the weapon or ammunition and heat them near the flame until the poison hardens into atar-like coating, resistant to damage during storage or use. The strength of the poison can be determined by the degree ofbitterness.
PEST AND WEED CONTROL
Pesticides have been in use for millennia, either in the form of active destruction of infesting pests (strychnine) or as a deterrent, especially to preserve foods or building materials. Herbicides are toxic to plants and used to control weeds; most popular natural herbicides: vinegar, salt, boiling water, cornmeal, corn gluten.
INTENTIONAL POISONING
The practice of poisoning living, sentient creatures to cause them harm and possibly even death is, of course, considered vile and illegal in most societies. Nonetheless, it is a practice of which a herbalist must be aware, if they are to diagnose and cure an ailment caused by application of the toxin.
MAGICAL ENLIGHTENMENT
Certain magical traditions consider ingesting low doses of poison a way towards enlightenment and unlocking secrets of the universe. In many cases, the toxins chosen cause hallucinations, delirium, or other disturbances to perception and cognition. Note that while all hallucinogenics are poisonous by definition (as they cause a disturbance in the organism), their use should not necessarily be equated with this, purely magical, practice.
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FACTORS MODIFYING THE ACTIONS OF TOXINS
QUANTITY. Every medicine is a poison when taken in too large quantity. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION. Inhaled poisons are often rapidly fatal; injected poisons work faster than ingested, which are usually less severe. AGE AND FITNESS. Children, elderly, weak, and diseased are more susceptible to toxins.
IDIOSYNCRASY. An allergic or anaphylactic response to a substance that is otherwise safe. TOLERANCE. Continuous use of a substance may create a degree of tolerance to it; there are known cases of people ingesting poison to build up immunity. CUMULATIVE ACTION. Certain poisons accumulate over time and may produce a chronic or delayed effect.
PROTECTION FROM TOXINS
During field work or while processing toxic plants, you risk coming into contact with poison. When possible, wear long-sleeved shirts, trousers or skirts, and gloves. If any clothing is exposed, wash it separately to avoid contamination of other clothing. Clean your tools after every use with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. If available, use disposable gloves; some toxins, like urushiol found in poison ivy, stay active on objects for up to five years. Refrain from burning poisonous plants and do not inhale the smoke if encountered. On skin contact, rinse the affected area immediately with soap and water. If the skin is not broken or blistering, apply a wet compress or anti-inflammatory lotion or poultice. In case of swelling or allergic reaction, consider applying antihistamines.
TOXICITY REDUCTION
The use of processing methods allows to diminish or neutralize the toxicity of plant materials and their possible side effects.
C
The methods vary depending on the type of active compounds to neutralize. Steaming, cooking, baking, and fry-
ing degrades heat-sensitive substances (cyanogenic glycosides and other volatile compounds), while leaving others (glycoalkaloids) unaffected. Aging (storing for months or even years) and sweating (e.g. fermentation) oxidize compounds and result in enzymatic degradation of the toxicingredients.
TREATMENT The symptoms of poisoning vary depending on the toxin. The commonly occurring signs have been described both earlier in this chapter and in the Plant Guide, wherever appropriate. While it is impossible to provide you here with detailed advice—always refer to a medical professional in case of the poisoning—the basic steps of treatment are given below. STABILIZE. Treat the most imminent danger to life immediately. Ensure good breathing and circulation. DECONTAMINATE. Remove the toxin from the system. Inhaled. Provide fresh air and artificial ventilation. Injected. Tie a ligature above the injection point to stop the spread of the toxin; loosen for a minute every ten minutes to prevent gangrene. Ingested. Empty stomach (unless the toxin is corrosive) through a wash, emetics, or laxatives. Administer antidote. Aid elimination by the intestines and kidneys. Treat symptoms. Skin/membrane contact. Wash with clean water, apply a neutralizing substance.
ANTIDOTES
Antidotes negate the effect of a toxin either by preventing its absorption, by binding and neutralizing the poison, or by conversion of the poison into less toxic compounds. The antidotes have been identified for less than 2% of known toxins. For most, no specific antidote exists, hence the need to treat the patient, not the toxin itself. The most desirable antidote, yet to be confirmed by science, is known as panacea: an antidote capable of neutralizing multiple— if not all—poisons. Herbalists, alchemists, healers, and magicians alike are in search of this substance, and many scientific breakthroughs have been made by those walking down this path. Substances useful in many poisonings: ɜ activated charcoal (decreases absorption) ɜ tannins (counteract alkaloids, precipitate metals like lead, mercury, copper) ɜ egg whites (delay the absorption, protect the gastrointestinal tract) ɜ milk (dilutes the toxin, coats the membranes, delays absorption) ɜ bulky foods: bananas, rice, potatoes (mix with the ingested poison, reduce the amount of poison in contact with the stomach lining) ɜ magnesium oxide (antacid and a shortterm laxative)
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Gardening & Cultivation While it not necessary for a herbalist to have a garden of their own, many professionals who are fortunate enough to have a permanent address decide to grow plants to use in their herbal practice. It often allows them to reduce the cost of the ingredients, ensure their availability, and at least partially control the growing conditions. Of course, growing plants requires effort, care, and attention—in addition to money, time and an undisturbed place to start the garden. Most herbalists-gardeners are trying to achieve long-term sustainability with their gardens, creating not just straight lines of high-yielding crops, but diverse, stable, and resilient natural ecosystems. This approach is often called permaculture: 'permanent agriculture,' full of mutually beneficial biological synergies between the gardener, plants, soil, water, fungi, animals, and microorganisms. This complex, intertwined network stands in opposition to exploitative, unsustainable use of the land. This is the approach we are adopting in this chapter: how to build a low-maintenance, mostly self-sustaining garden with healthy soil, natural fertilizers, crop rotation, biodiversity, and minimal amount of chemical pest and weed control. Horticulture, the art of cultivating plants in gardens for food, comfort, or medicinal and ornamental properties is almost as old as sedentary civilizations. Even the earli-
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est societies recognized the value of having useful (and/or beautiful) plants within arm's reach. Today, many specialties in horticulture exist, each of a slightly different interest to a herbalist starting their garden. OLERICULTURE. The production of vegetables, mostly for food, but also for medicines. Includes herbs in the culinary sense, like parsley, mint, or basil. FRUTICULTURE (POMOLOGY). The production of fruits and nuts. Focuses mostly on fruit trees, like pomegranate and apple trees. Such gardens are usually called orchards. FLORICULTURE. The production of ornamental and flowering plants. Many houseplants, pot plants, and cut flowers fall under that category. VITICULTURE. The production of grapes used for winemaking in vineyards. ARBORICULTURE. The cultivation and management of trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. Such gardens are often called arboretums—if they are not simply a forest. Other specialization of horticulture, like turf management or landscaping, are usually of lesser interest to herbalists; most of them prefer flower-covered meadows to clean-cut lawns.
CULTIVATION In gardening and agriculture, cultivation is the process of preparing and using soil for growing plants. It is sometimes also used as an all-encompassing term for the entirety of growing and caring for plants, especially crops. However, as the health of the soil is closely connected with the health of the plants, we will focus first on creating a solid foundation for the garden.
SOIL QUALITY
While every plant has its own preferences, healthy soil—full of organic matter (humus), minerals, and nutrients, teeming with microorganisms, retaining water during drought, and sequestering (trapping) carbon—benefits most of them. Specifics vary; some plants prefer acidic soil (pH 3—6.5), others neutral (pH 7) or alkaline (pH 7.5—10). Light, quickly draining sandy soils will benefit one species, while others will thrive in rich loams or even a heavy, waterlogged clay. Check the soil in your garden and either pick plants that fit existing conditions or work to improve the soil until you can grow exactly what you wish.
IMPROVING SOIL
With a little hard work, time and dedication, even the poorest soil can be transformed into a rich, healthy one. Repeated addition of organic matter, aerating, breaking up soil, composting, mulching, crop rotation, fertilization, and adjusting acidity are all methods available to even beginner gardeners.
COMPOSTING
Compost is decomposed organic matter, full of nutrients, minerals, and microorganisms. Added to the soil, it feeds the plants, improves soil structure and moisture retention, helps maintaining a neutral pH, protects plant from common diseases, and keeps soil loose, allowing air to reach roots. It is usually a mix of carbon-rich materials ('brown': dry leaves, straw, cardboard) and nitrogen-rich materials ('green': grass clip-
pings, animal manure, vegetable waste). In moist conditions, the decomposition process breaks them into rich and nutritious feed for the soil and plants. To speed up the process, add yarrow, comfrey, or dandelion to your compost pile. Do not use peat-based compost: it is made from partially decomposed remains of ancient plants in waterlogged, acidic bogs, which take thousands of years to form. Peatlands are the largest soil carbon store, and when peat is harvested, this carbon comes into contact with air, combines with oxygen and is released as carbon dioxide (CO 2), which accelerates climate change.
MULCHING
To feed the soil, reduce evaporation, prevent erosion, and suppress weed growth, put a layer of much on the ground around your plants. Use compost, bark chips, pebbles, straw, cardboard, or comfrey. Dark mulch will raise the soil temperature, while lighter one will lower it, reflecting sunlight.
SOIL DWELLERS
Earthworms, insects, fungi, and beneficial microorganisms (bacteria, algae) turn lifeless dirt into thriving, nourishing soil. On average, a spoon of compost-rich soil may host 600 million to 1 billion of helpful bacteria—vs 100 (!) bacteria in soil treated with chemicals. Earthworms feed on plant debris and burrow through the soil, which causes it to aerate and mix, increasing fertility and promoting plant growth. Their casts are rich in nitrogen and easily-available nutrients than the soil around them.
OVERCULTIVATING
Deep and repeated tillage (digging, stirring, and overturning) of soil is generally not advised: it speeds up soil erosion, disturbs the lives of soil dwellers, and may encourage weed growth. If you need to dig, do it in the early spring, at the beginning of the vegetative growth of most plants.
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PLANNING AND PLANTING PLANNING THE GARDEN
Whether you are fortunate enough to have a plot of land or just a bit of space to put a couple of plant-filled pots, gardening is not outside of your capabilities. For as long as the tradition of horticulture is alive, people have and will come up with new methods of growing plants, regardless of circ*mstances and environmental limitations. Before starting your garden, consider two separate issues: how can it most benefit the plants and how can it most benefit you. PLANT REQUIREMENTS. Generally, plants require sunlight exposure (most vegetables prefer upwards of 6 hours of sunlight), water (to a varying degree), nutrients in the soil, specific acidity, growth-stimulating temperature, protection from strong winds, sudden frost, and often maritime exposure. GARDENER REQUIREMENTS. Taking care of a garden requires time and effort, often hours of physical labor during sowing, mulching, weeding, harvesting, and processing the plant material. Plan your garden in a sustainable way—one that you will be able to take care of, that will grow plants you need or enjoy, that will not become a despised chore.
COMMON TYPES OF GARDENS
CLASSIC. Dig in compost into the ground, sow seeds directly into the soil. Common for vegetables, shrubs, and trees. Requires a fair amount of work for the setup, but little additional materials like extra soil or special structures. Works best with healthy, rich soil. RAISED BEDS. Build up beds for your plants on the ground, without digging, with paths allowing for easy access. Requires a lot of mulching with compost, but weeding and fertilization become mostly unnecessary.
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CONTAINERS. Suitable for indoor gardening or partially outdoor in harsh climates, allowing to bring the plants home for the winter. Requires more careful control of water, as plants in ceramic pots will dry up quickly, while those in plastic are susceptible to waterlogging. GREENHOUSE OR HOT HOUSE. Structures made mostly of transparent material (often glass), allowing for controlling the climate for plants grown. Hot house is a heated greenhouse, suitable for plants requiring warm conditions throughout the year. VERTICAL. A great solution for small spaces, using trellises or panels (freestanding or attached to the walls). If not installed properly, can damage the wall with moisture. HYDROPONICS. Growing plants without soil, in a water-based solvent full of nutrients and a neutral substrate providing support (gravel, perlite, etc.). It's most suitable for indoor gardening, urban gardens, and in places that lack healthy soil.
CHOOSING PLANTS
The selection of plants in one's garden is a choice most personal, and it says a lot about the gardener—more than the current state of the garden. Before purchasing seeds or sapling, consider the following: SPACE. While some plants sit kindly in a pot, others have a habit of growing to 20 meters height or spreading over all available area. Measure your garden, draw a plan, and check the growing habits of all plants you would like to introduce. Make sure you are planning long-term: your tiny weeping willow sapling will grow over half a meter per year and reach a spread of around 10meters at maturity. Give it enough space.
CLIMATE. Many societies create their systems of hardiness zones, describing the plants' ability to survive in specific conditions. The most common one describes 13 hardiness zones based on annual lowest recorded temperatures, with zone 1 being the coldest. Compare your climate with the needs of the plant and ideally, plant native herbs. SOIL. While improving and changing the qualities of soil is possible, it is a process. Start by picking plants that will survive in the soil you have and work towards your end goals by slowly adjusting the soil if necessary. SUNLIGHT AND ASPECT. Many plants require upwards of 6 hours of direct sunlight, preferably in the mornings, and protection from too-hot afternoon sun. Gardens with north-facing aspect will be more suitable for shade-loving plants and southern for heat-loving. VISITORS. You want to attract pollinators and pest predators (geese, hedgehogs, many insect-eating birds), while deterring pests and herbivores that will destroy your crops. Other than that, consider whether your garden will be visited by pets or children—planting toxic plants where your dog is likely to eat them is a recipe for heartbreak. USEFULNESS. Plant what you want to grow—it is a personal choice after all, and the garden should benefit you. No point in growing plants you won't use or enjoy. Make a list of species you need most in your practice, consider the needed quantities, and follow your heart. YEAR-ROUND APPEAL. While not strictly necessary, a garden that looks great all year round is simply pure joy. Evergreens are your best friend in this case, and as many of them are useful for a herbalist (cedar, pine, bay, rosemary), there is little reason to not include them.
COMPANION PLANTS
Many plants assist in growing other species, whether by attracting beneficial insects and other pollinators, repelling pests, providing nutrients, shade, or support, or even through allelopathy—producing biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and development of other organisms. Plant
Benefit
basil
companion for tomatoes, peppers, oregano, asparagus, petunias, grapes; attracts bees, butterflies, and slugs
catnip
chamomile
clover dandelion
companion for eggplant; repels flea beetles, ants, aphids companion for most herbs, cabbages, wheat, onions; attracts hoverflies, wasps companion for cabbage and broccoli; attracts pollinators companion for any garden plant; attracts pollinators
garlic, leek, onion, chives
companion for fruit trees, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, cabbage; repels rabbits, slugs, aphids
lavender
companion for chamomile, tomatoes, oregano, thyme, sage, rosemary, lemon balm; attracts bees, butterflies, hummingbirds
nettle
parsley
companion for broccoli, tomato, valerian, mint, fennel; repels aphids companion for asparagus, maize, tomatoes; attracts butterflies, wasps, flies
sage
companion for rosemary, beans, carrots, strawberries, tomatoes; attracts honeybees, butterflies; repels many flies, beetles, bean parasites
wild rose
companion for strawberries, grapes, cabbages, other roses; deters rodents and deer
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GROWING WATER MANAGEMENT
All plants require water, although to a varying degree. Plants from arid climates have evolved methods of reducing evaporation and surviving with limited amount of moisture, but it does not make them 'more evolved' than plants that need a daily supply of water—simply adapted to a different environment. Make sure you know the requirements of the plants in your garden, as both under- and overwatering can cause them sever damage. Refer to notes on Habitat and Cultivation in the Plant Guide if necessary. Keeping the soil well mulched will reduce the amount of water you need to keep your garden alive (by reducing evaporation). Consider introducing a system of greywater (reusing domestic waste water, without harsh chemicals) or rain water collection in your garden to increase the sustainability and encourage recycling.
FERTILIZING
CROP ROTATION
This simple practice of not planting the same annual crops in the same spot year after year is considered one of the first breakthroughs in agriculture. By rotating the plants growing in the garden, it is much easier to avoid depleting the nutrients in the soil and building up the plant-specific pests and diseases. When rotating crops, aim for 2—3 years of break in any single spots, and think about your plants in terms of families, not species. Your nightshades (Solanaceae: tomato, pepper, potato, eggplant, mandrake, deadly nightshade, thornapple, and tobacco) are all heavy feeders requiring rich soil, and are affected by the same diseases. To avoid problems with soil, pests, and diseases, rotate the families in your garden: plant celeries (Apiaceae) in place of last year's legumes (Fabaceae), and follow mustards (Brassicaceae) with mints (Lamiaceae).
Fertilizer is a nutritional supplement added to the soil (or other growing medium) in effort to replace depleted nutrients and stimulate the growth of plants. Usually, a single dose in spring is enough. Avoid overfertilization as it might lead to abnormal growth, burned leaves, weakness, dehydration, and reduced capacity for survival. The extra fertilizer also leaches into the soil, contaminating the environment.
COLLECTING SEEDS
HARVESTING
Seedheads usually appear in late summer to early autumn, but the exact timing varies between plants—on average, the seed matures about 2 months after flowering. When ripe, many seedheads change color from green to brown, black, or red. Gather the seeds on a dry day and only from healthy plant, without any diseases.
Once ripe, the crops are ready for the harvest. Some of them may be used fresh, other will require processing and preserving, especially if the garden yields more crops that can be used raw before spoiling. In a small garden, most crops will require handpicking. Plants with a quick growing rate, like radishes and lettuce, can be sown each month from spring to mid-summer, ensuring reliable harvest throughout the whole season. Depending on the climate, you may be able to harvest more than once a year.
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Many plant species in your garden will set seeds at the end of their growing period. While deadheading—removing wilted flowers before the seeds mature to encourage second flowering time—is a common gardening practice, letting the plant go through its natural process of producing seeds will provide you with a collection of free seeds, ready to sow for the next season.
Some plants, especially those cultivated for centuries in gardens, are sterile and do not set seed (garlic). Propagate them through bulbs, root division, or other methods.
PESTS AND DISEASES While most gardeners will agree that biodiversity is a value, not many of them want to see pests on their plants. They feed on the plants, destroy seeds, and often turn crops into inedible—and not even compostable— garden waste. Control the number of pests though the use of pesticides, mechanical methods, planting repellents, or introducing predators. Consider carefully the application of any of those methods; even a natural pesticide will likely get into the soil and affect its balance or harm the pollinators that are vital for your garden. Introducing predators might backfire too; make sure you can control the population of the predators. APHIDS. Small sap-sucking insects, causing decay and distortion. They also facilitate the growth of mildews and inflict viral diseases. They are a favorite meal of ladybugs, hoverfly larvae, crab spiders, and parasitic wasps. BIRDS. A common nuisance in orchards and vegetable gardens, birds snack on ripening fruits and dig out sown seeds. On a plus side, they often snack on other pests, like snails, slugs, and mosquitoes. CATERPILLARS. Fall crops are their favorite food, especially leafy vegetables. Conveniently, they are big enough to simply pick them off the plants and remove; wash off any eggs with a flush of water. Caterpillars have a plenty of natural predators: birds, lacewings, parasitic flies and wasps, spiders, ground beetles, and assassin bugs. SLUGS AND SNAILS. These terrestrial gastropod mollusks, whether or not they carry a shell, can destroy many crops and infect your pets with lungworm. Consider inviting ducks or toads to get themselves a slimy meal or use baits with beer to trap and remove the pests.
Controlling your garden for diseases is harder—there are no animals you can remove from the garden to get rid of the problem. Most plant diseases are caused by fungal, viral, or bacterial infections, and the main methods available to the gardener are the removal of infected parts of the plants and protecting the healthy ones. Do not add the diseased plants to your compost pile; discard them in the trash. BLACK SPOT. A common, waterborne fungal disease causing round, black spots on the upper sides of leaves. It attacks mostly roses, but also other ornamental and garden plants. The infected leaves turn yellow and fall off; the spores overwinter on the fallen leaves. Do not water the plants on the leaves and do not overwater. BLIGHT. A common fungal disease caused by windborne spores under warm, humid conditions. The spores can cover large areas, and the disease spreads quickly, often destroying whole plantations and causing massive-scale collapses. Blight mostly affects potatoes and tomatoes. There is no cure; plant early, disease-resistant varieties and destroy any blight-infected plant parts. CANKER. An open wound infected by a fungal or bacterial pathogen, usually on woody plants, causing cracked, swollen, sunken, or dead areas on stems, branches, or trunk. Pathogens are sometimes spread by rodents. Avoid overwatering, overcrowding, and mechanical damage to the plants. Remove and dispose of diseased parts. POWDERY MILDEW. A fungal disease affecting all kinds of plants, mostly those growing in shade. Infected plants are covered with a white, powdery substance, mostly on the leaves. There is no cure; inspect and remove diseased plants.
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C
APPENDICES This chapter contains several tables and supplementary material collected in one place for usability. It opens with Medicinal Use of Herbs: atable of common ailments and conditions, as well as plants used in treatment of those. Included are also specific medicinal effects of herbs. The Magical Correspondences organize the herbs based on their most popular use in the occult. Other common plants, otherwise not descibed in the book, are also included, to make swapping ingredients easier in games or reality. The Astrological Correspondences table has been compiled from several books on the modern occult. Wherever possible, it lists the planets, elements, and deities connected to each herb. The following section on floriography or the Language of Flowers is based mostly on the 19th-century British tradition, with adjustments made to incorporate different meanings from other parts of the world. The Botanical Latin Primer is an introduction to the grammar and the vocabulary used in creation of scientific names. The Plant Generation Tables introduce a simple method of creating fantastical, magical plants, including quirks and complications awaiting the herbalist.
The Adventure Seeds contain over 40 plant-centric plot hooks and quest ideas, ready to place in any game. The don't offer solutions to the problems, and are only here to serve as inspiration. The References appendix puts all of the plants described in the Plant Guide in their proper ecological, historical, and ethnobotanical context. It is nice to pretend that all of them exist in a vacuum and can be implanted into any fantastical world without strings attached, but if you are interested in science, this appendix has what you are looking for. The annotated Bibliography lists the main sources used while writing the Primer. The author has included short descriptions covering their contents and the level of believability, as some of them are notorious for the abundance of whimsy and barely any contact with data. The Plant Location Guide organizes plants by their native biome and climate, while the Plant Visual Guide showcases the miniature drawings of each plant, for easy picking by color, shape, or simply rolling a percentile dice or using the spreads as dice-drop tables. The last appendix, the Index, lists all plant names used in the book, including common names, scientific names, and all variants listed in the plant entries. It also covers various other topics of the book.
Appendices | 281
Medicinal Use of Herbs abortifactient acne
angelica, bog myrtle, burning bush, calotropis, catnip, mistletoe, mugwort, rue bog myrtle, calendula, geranium, myrrh
allergies
calendula
anaemia
nettle
anesthetic antibacterial
antifungal
antioxidant antiparasitic
allspice, deadly nightshade, mandrake allspice, angelica, basil, bay, burning bush, calendula, chamomile, cinnamon, clove, garlic, ginger, hawkweed, lavender, lemon balm, linden, myrrh, plantain, sage, sandalwood, star anise, vervain, willow, wormwood, yarrow allspice, bay, black hellebore, bloodroot, burning bush, calendula, cinnamon, clove, garlic, lavender, lemon balm, myrrh, sage, sandalwood, thyme, vervain, willow, wormwood, yarrow allspice, clove, heal-all, rosemary, sandalwood black hellebore, bog myrtle, burning bush, cedar, clove, fern, heal-all, mugwort, pomegranate, primrose
antiseptic
bay, bloodroot, calendula, cedar, cinnamon, clove, galbanum, ginger, juniper, lavender, lemon balm, life-everlasting, linden, myrrh, sage, thyme, vervain, willow, wormwood, yarrow
antiviral
basil, cinnamon, clove, ginseng, heal-all, lemon balm, linden, myrrh, sage, star anise, vervain, willow, wormwood, yarrow
appetite loss arthritis & rheumatism asthma bad breath
angelica, dogwood, ginger, lavender, strychnine tree aconite, allspice, burning bush, coltsfoot, comfrey, fern, frankincense, garlic, heal-all, mandrake, nettle, pine, primrose, willow calotropis, coltsfoot, fern, frankincense, ginseng, purslane, thyme allspice, cinnamon, clove, frankincense, ginger
282 | Medicinal Use of Herbs
bites & stings
aconite, adder’s tongue, basil, bog myrtle, burning bush, razkovniche, witch hazel, wormwood
bleeding
adder's tongue, amaranth, burning bush, cinnamon, dragon's blood, fern, holly, horsetail, juniper, lady's mantle, lotus, mullein, nettle, oak, raspberry, rose, sweetgrass, willow, witch hazel, woad, yarrow
blood pressure blood sugar bone strength
calabar bean, foxglove, garlic, hawthorn, lily of the valley, linden, lotus, mistletoe, sandalwood, skullcap chamomile, cinnamon, clove, dandelion, ginseng, heal-all, sage chrysanthemum, comfrey, dragon's blood, holly, lucky hand, thistle
bronchitis
anise, calotropis, coltsfoot, frankincense, galbanum, ginger, heather, ivy, knotweed, life-everlasting, myrrh, oregano, sandalwood, sunflower, thyme
bruises
adder’s tongue, calendula, coltsfoot, comfrey, elder, galbanum, heather, life-everlasting, plantain, witch hazel, wormwood
burns childbirth circulation cold
constipation cough
diarrhea
diuretic
ear problems emetic erectile dysfunction eye problems fatigue fever
lavender, life-everlasting, nettle, pine, plantain, raspberry anise, baneberry, basil, burning bush, raspberry angelica, dragon's blood, geranium, ginseng, myrrh angelica, chrysanthemum, dandelion, elder, ginger, ginseng, heather, linden, mint, mugwort, mullein, oregano, rose, sandalwood, star anise, sweetgrass, woad, yarrow basil, calotropis, fumitory, holly, mint althaea, calotropis, catnip, clove, coltsfoot, dandelion, fern, ginger, hawkweed, heather, ivy, life-everlasting, linden, mint, mullein, oregano, purslane, sunflower, sweetgrass, thyme allspice, althaea, clove, dogwood, edelweiss, knotweed, life-everlasting, lotus, moonwort, oak, plantain, pomegranate, raspberry, rose, rowan, sage, sandalwood, star anise aconite, dandelion, fumitory, hawkweed, horsetail, ivy, knotweed, parsley, pine, plantain, razkovniche, rose, rue, snapdragon, sunflower myrrh black hellebore, holly, mandrake, pomegranate ginseng, lotus calabar bean, deadly nightshade, heal-all, horsetail, ivy, sweetgrass basil, dogwood aconite, angelica, bog myrtle, burning bush, chrysanthemum, dogwood, elder, fern, holly, linden, mugwort, myrrh, nettle, oregano, plantain, pomegranate, purslane, raspberry, razkovniche, sandalwood, star anise, sunflower, sweetgrass, yarrow
Medicinal Use of Herbs | 283
flatulence flu heart problems
allspice, angelica, basil, catnip, chamomile, clove, galbanum, ginger, juniper, mint, thyme, wormwood elder, ginseng, heal-all, rose, star anise, yarrow deadly nightshade, foxglove, garlic, hawthorn, horsetail, lily of the valley, sandalwood, strychnine tree, vervain
hemorrhoids
calotropis, chamomile, hawkweed, knotweed, mullein, myrrh, rowan, snapdragon
indigestion
allspice, althaea, angelica, basil, bog myrtle, burning bush, calotropis, catnip, chamomile, cinnamon, clove, edelweiss, frankincense, galbanum, geranium, ginger, juniper, lemon balm, linden, mint, oregano, plantain, raspberry, rosemary, star anise, strychnine tree, thyme, wormwood
inflammation
aconite, adder’s tongue, baneberry, calendula, calotropis, catnip, chamomile, chrysanthemum, comfrey, dandelion, elder, frankincense, galbanum, geranium, ginger, heal-all, lady's mantle, linden, myrrh, plantain, razkovniche, rosemary, sage, star anise, thistle, vervain, willow, witch hazel, woad, wormwood, yarrow
insomnia jaundice kidney problems
basil, catnip, chamomile, heather, lavender, lemon balm, lifeeverlasting, primrose, skullcap, vervain, willow burning bush, heal-all, parsley althaea, burning bush, hawkweed, heather, horsetail, juniper, knotweed, parsley, pine, rose, yarrow
liver problems
dandelion, fumitory, garlic, heal-all, parsley, peony, snapdragon, thistle, wormwood
lung problems
aconite, angelica, bog myrtle, coltsfoot, dragon's blood, edelweiss, elder, fern, frankincense, ginseng, hawkweed, knotweed, life-everlasting, mint, mullein, oregano, pine, sunflower, thyme
menopause menstruation
mood regulation
moisturising mouth & gums nausea
baneberry, geranium, lady's mantle, skullcap amaranth, baneberry, basil, burning bush, catnip, dragon's blood, geranium, horsetail, lady's mantle, lemon balm, lotus, moonwort, mugwort, myrrh, oregano, rue, skullcap basil, catnip, clove, geranium, ginseng, hawkweed, hemlock, lady's mantle, lavender, lemon balm, linden, mandrake, mugwort, mullein, myrrh, oregano, parsley, poppy, primrose, sage, sandalwood, skullcap, tobacco, vervain althaea, lucky hand, razkovniche, snapdragon bloodroot, frankincense, heal-all, heather, lucky hand, myrrh, purslane, raspberry, sage, snapdragon, thyme angelica, catnip, chamomile, clove, ginger, lemon balm, raspberry
284 | Medicinal Use of Herbs
pains & aches
paralysis poisoning rash scars
allspice, basil, comfrey, dogwood, fumitory, galbanum, ginger, ivy, lavender, lemon balm, life-everlasting, linden, mistletoe, mugwort, plantain, poppy, primrose, purslane, rose, sage, sandalwood, star anise, willow, yarrow calotropis, primrose aconite, angelica, basil, burning bush, deadly nightshade, foxglove, juniper, mugwort, oak, witch hazel bay, bog myrtle, calendula, mullein, plantain, witch hazel adder's tongue, lavender, moonwort
scurvy
cedar, pine, raspberry, rose, rowan
seizures
heal-all, mandrake, peony, vervain
sedative
baneberry, catnip, chrysanthemum, deadly nightshade, oregano, parsley, poppy, willow
sexuallytransmitted diseases skin problems
spasms & cramps stomach pain
bay, myrrh, sweetgrass
althaea, angelica, bay, bloodroot, bog myrtle, burning bush, calendula, chamomile, dandelion, edelweiss, fumitory, galbanum, heather, mandrake, mullein, nettle, pine, sandalwood, snapdragon, witch hazel galbanum, ginger, ginseng, heal-all, lemon balm, linden, mint, mistletoe, mugwort, peony, poppy, primrose, rue, skullcap basil, clove, dandelion, ginger, lucky hand, mint, plantain, star anise
sunburn
calendula, chamomile, dandelion, edelweiss, lotus, purslane
swelling
calotropis, heal-all, horsetail, life-everlasting, snapdragon
tetanus throat infections toothache ulcers urinary tract problems vomiting warts wounds
calabar bean althaea, catnip, dandelion, frankincense, heal-all, rowan, sweetgrass allspice, clove, frankincense, ginger, heather, lemon balm, purslane adder's tongue, althaea, angelica, chamomile, dragon's blood, heal-all, mandrake, myrrh, raspberry, woad althaea, bay, heather, juniper, knotweed, lady's mantle, lotus, pine, sandalwood adder’s tongue, clove, fern, moonwort bloodroot, cedar, mullein adder’s tongue, bog myrtle, burning bush, chamomile, cinnamon, coltsfoot, comfrey, dogwood, dragon's blood, frankincense, galbanum, heather, juniper, lavender, lucky hand, moonwort, myrrh, oak, pine, plantain, raspberry, witch hazel, woad, yarrow
Medicinal Use of Herbs | 285
Magical Correspondences balance beauty catalysts consecration courage creativity death divination
dreams employment faeries fertility
friendship good luck
basil, chamomile, comfrey, mullein, woodruff avocado, catnip, ginseng, maidenhair dragon’s blood, mandrake, mistletoe chamomile, dianthus, elder flowers, fennel, mint, oats, rosemary, rue, vervain borage, mullein, ragweed, rosemary, sweet pea, tea, thyme, yarrow vervain aconite, apple, chrysanthemum, elder, wormwood, yew aconite, allspice, bay, cherry, clove, dandelion, hibiscus, ivy, meadowsweet, marigold, moonwort, mugwort, mullein, thyme, willow, wormwood, yarrow althaea, anise, calendula, cinnamon, holly, mugwort, yarrow devil’s shoestring, lucky hand, pecan daisy, foxglove, ragweed, shamrock, wood sorrel daffodil, ginseng, grape, hazel, mandrake, mistletoe, mugwort, nuts, oak, poppy, rice, sunflower, wheat lemon, love seed, sweet pea allspice, aloe, bluebell, clover, daffodil, fern, goldenrod, heather, honeysuckle, moss, nutmeg, rose, sandalwood, strawberry, violet
happiness
catnip, hawthorn, hyacinth, lavender, marjoram, meadowsweet, saffron, witch grass
healing
adder’s tongue, allspice, apple, bay, bittersweet, blackberry, carnation, cedar, cinnamon, comfrey, fennel, flax, gardenia, garlic, ginseng, henna, hops, ivy, lavender, lemon balm, mint, mugwort, mullein, myrrh, oak, pine, potato, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, thistle, thyme, violet, willow
health
ash, caraway, coriander, ginseng, juniper, marjoram, mistletoe, nutmeg, oak, rose, thyme
286 | Magical Correspondences
invisibility justice legal matters love
aconite, black hellebore, ferns, heliotrope anise, bergamot, cinquefoil, lemon balm, orange peel, vervain, violet, woodruff hickory, marigold adder’s tongue, apple, apricot, barley, basil, brazil nut, chamomile, cherry, chestnut, cinnamon, clove, clover, daffodil, daisy, dill, ginger, hibiscus, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, linden, marjoram, meadowsweet, mistletoe, moonwort, orange, plum, poppy, raspberry, rose, rosemary, strawberry, thyme, vanilla, vervain, violet, willow, wormwood, yarrow
mental powers
allspice, caraway, grape, rosemary, walnut
money, wealth
almond, basil, blackberry, cedar, chamomile, cinnamon, clove, dill, fern, ginger, goldenrod, honeysuckle, irish moss, jasmine, lucky hand, mint, moss, myrtle, nutmeg, oak, orange, patchouli, pine, rice, snapdragon, tea, vervain, wheat
Moon
bergamot, chamomille, fennel, lily of the valley, mugwort, tobacco
peace
gardenia, jasmine, lavender, meadowsweet, pennyroyal, rosemary, vervain, violet
prosperity
almond, ash, banana, nuts, oak, tulip
protection
acacia, aconite, aloe, althaea, angelica, anise, ash, basil, birch, blackberry, blueberry, broom, caraway, carnation, cedar, clover, cotton, cypress, dill, eucalyptus, fennel, flax, foxglove, grass, hazel, heather, holly, irish moss, ivy, lilac, mandrake, marigold, mistletoe, mugwort, mulberry, oak, olive, pine, primrose, raspberry, rice, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, spanish moss, thistle, valerian, violet, willow
psychic ability
althaea, anise, bay, betony, cinnamon, elder flower, honeysuckle, lavender, mace, marigold, rose, thyme, yarrow, woodruff
purification
bay, broom, cedar, chamomile, clove, hyssop, iris, lavender, parsley, rosemary, sage, thyme, valerian, vervain, wormwood, yarrow
sleep
chamomile, hops, lavender, linden, peppermint, rosemary, thyme, vervain
spirits
althaea, cinnamon, frankincense, heather, lilac, mint, myrrh, sandalwood
strength, energy success Sun
travel wisdom wishes
allspice, bay, carnation, elder, fennel, mugwort, mulberry, oregano, thistle, vervain cinnamon, clover, mistletoe, patchouli, sandalwood, vanilla angelica, bay, cinnamon, frankincense, juniper, marigold, mistletoe, myrrh, rosemary, rue, sunflower, tarragon comfrey, feverfew, lungwort, tarragon bodhi, iris, sage, sunflower bamboo, beech, dandelion, dogwood, job’s tears, sage, sandalwood, sunflower, violet
Magical Correspondences | 287
Astrological Correspondences Planet
Element
Deity
Saturn
water
Hecate
1
aconite
2
adder’s tongue
Moon
water
3
allspice
Mars
fire
4
althaea
Venus
water
5
amaranth
Saturn
fire
Artemis
6
angelica
Sun
fire
Venus
7
baneberry
8
basil
Mars
fire
Vishnu, Erzulie
9
bay
Sun
fire
Aesculapius, Apollo, Ceres, Faunus, Eros
10
black hellebore
Saturn
water
Christ
11
bloodroot
Mars
fire
12
bog mytle
Venus
water
Venus
13
burning bush
14
calabar bean
15
calendula
Sun
fire
Apollo
16
calotropis
Sun
17
catnip
Venus
water
Bast
18
cedar
Sun
fire
19
chamomile
Sun
water
20
chrysanthemum
Sun
fire
288 | Astrological Correspondences
Brighid
Planet
Element
Deity
Sun
fire
Venus, Aphrodite, Ra
Jupiter
fire
Oya
Mercury
air
Rowen
21
cinnamon
22
clove
23
clover
24
coltsfoot
Venus
water
25
comfrey
Saturn
water
26
dandelion
Jupiter
air
Hecate
27
deadly nightshade
Saturn
water
Hecate, Bellona, Circe
28
dogwood
Sun
fire
Christ, Saturn, Hecate
29
dragon’s-blood tree
Mars
fire
30
edelweiss
Moon
water
31
elder
Venus
water
Holda, Venus
32
fern
Mercury
air
Laka, Puck
33
foxglove
Venus
water
34
frankincense
Sun
fire
35
fumitory
Saturn
earth
36
galbanum
37
garlic
38
geranium
39
ginger
40
ginseng
41
hawkweed
42
Ra, Baal
air Mars
fire
Hecate
Venus
water
Mars
fire
Sun
fire
hawthorn
Mars
fire
Cardea, Flora, Hymen
43
heal-all
Mars
44
heather
Venus
water
Isis
45
hemlock
Saturn
water
Hecate, Cronus, Saturn
46
holly
Mars
fire
47
horsetail
Saturn
earth
48
ivy
Saturn
water
49
juniper
Sun
fire
Bacchus, Dionysus, Osiris
Astrological Correspondences | 289
Planet
Element
Saturn
earth
Venus
water
Mercury
air
Moon
water
Deity
50
knotgrass
51
lady’s mantle
52
lavender
53
lemon balm
54
life-everlasting
Mercury
air
55
lily of the valley
Mercury
air
Apollo, Aesculapius
56
linden
Jupiter
air
Venus, Lada
57
lotus
Moon
water
Buddha, Isis, Osiris
58
lucky hand
Venus
water
59
mandrake
Mercury
fire
Hecate, Hathor
60
mint
Mercury
air
Pluto, Hecate
61
mistletoe
Sun
air
Apollo, Freya, Frigga, Venus, Odin
62
moonwort
Moon
water
63
mugwort
Venus
earth
Artemis, Diana
64
mullein
Saturn
fire
Jupiter
65
myrrh
Moon
water
Isis, Adonis, Ra, Marian
66
nettle
Mars
fire
Thor
67
oak
Sun
fire
Dagda, Dianus, Pan, Jupiter, Thor, Zeus, Heme, Janus, Rhea, Cybele, Hecate, Erato
68
oregano
Venus
air
Aphrodite
69
parsley
Mercury
air
Persephone
70
peony
Sun
fire
71
pine
Mars
air
Cybele, Pan, Venus, Attis, Dionysus, Astarte, Sylvanus
72
plantain
Venus
earth
Hades, Pluto, Oreus, Persephone
73
pomegranate
Mercury
fire
Persephone, Ceres
74
poppy
Moon
water
Hypnos, Demeter
75
primrose
Venus
earth
Freya
290 | Astrological Correspondences
Planet
Element
Deity
76
purslane
Moon
water
77
raspberry
Venus
water
78
razkovniche
79
rose
Venus
water
80
rosemary
Sun
fire
81
rowan
Sun
fire
Thor
82
rue
Mars
fire
Diana, Aradia
83
sage
Jupiter
air
84
sandalwood
Moon
water
85
skullcap
Saturn
water
86
snapdragon
Mars
fire
87
star anise
Jupiter
air
88
strychnine tree
89
sunflower
Sun
fire
90
sweetgrass
91
thistle
Mars
fire
92
thyme
Venus
water
93
tobacco
Mars
fire
94
vervain
Venus
earth
Kerridwen, Mars, Venus, Aradia, Isis, Jupiter, Thor, Juno
95
willow
Moon
water
Artemis, Ceres, Hecate, Persephone, Hera, Mercury, Belili, Belinus
96
witch hazel
Sun
fire
97
woad
Saturn
fire
Brighid
98
wormwood
Mars
fire
Iris, Diana, Artemis
99
yarrow
Venus
water
Saturn
water
100
yew
Hathor, Hulda, Eros, Cupid, Demeter, Isis, Adonis, Aurora
Obatala, Hera
Thor, Minerva
The correspondences have been compiled according to the general occult knowledge, as described in 777, Cunningham’s, and later books (see Bibliography, p. 346).
Astrological Correspondences | 291
Language of Flowers Floriography, communication through the language of flowers, is an old art and popular pastime. Its details vary depending on the cultural background, social strata, and the purpose: the floral language of courtship has little in common with the use of plants in heraldry. Coded floral messages were being sent and received for centuries. Their meaning was tied not only to the species of plants but also to the colors, freshness, added decoration, and even the way of handing them over. In this chapter, we present the main guidelines on the topic, focusing on its use in courtship and relationships. Refer to Bibliography (p. 346) for more information on the subject.
When a flower is given, the pronoun I is implied by inclining it to the right; you, by bending it to the left. One can convey yes by touching the flower to the lips; no, by pinching off a petal or a leaf and discarding it. Thorns of the flower represent fears; leaves represent hope. A red rose stripped of its thorns, but with leaves intact means: I fear no longer; I hope for love. Devoid of both thorns and leaves, it says: There is nothing to hope or fear. At this point, one might simply hand over a wilted rose; the message will be equally clear.
The alphabet of the language itself is not complicated; small, dainty, and white flowers usually mean innocence; red petals mark love or desire; sweet-scented carry messages of affection; poisonous plants are a threat or a warning. The more intricate the bouquet, the more complex story is told.
While there is a consensus regarding the language of flowers in courtship (as the one we discuss comes from a reasonably hom*ogenized culture), the symbolism of plants varies throughout the globe. Usually, there is a correlation between plants’ biological properties and their cultural significance; e.g. a long-lived, sturdy oak symbolizes strength and stability, while a stinging nettle means spitefulness, which is an unfair treatment of a plant using stingers to defend itself from predators.
A bouquet, handed upright, carries the message as listed in Floral Language of Feelings table; give it to the recipient upside-down to reverse the meaning. Similarly, the placement of the flower carries a separate message. Marigold is a symbol of pain; placed on the head, it speaks about the trouble of the mind; set by the heart, it projects the message of pangs of love.
One should proceed with caution when building complex symbolic messages with flowers due to the high chance of misunderstanding. And yet, they can be successfully used to carry coded messages. The meaning can be assigned to ribbons, bows, and colors; however, it is best if both parties agree on the ‘alphabet’ beforehand.
292 | Language of Flowers
floral language of feelings acacia aconite agrimony almond anemone apple blossom aster barberry black bryony bluebell buttercup cactus calendula
friendship beware, a deadly foe is near thankfulness hope forsaken, expectations good luck, better things to come love, daintiness bad temper be my support humility, constancy childishness endurance considered sacred
camellia
gratitude, perfection
carnation
fascination, woman’s love
chamomile chrysanthemum clover (four-leaf) daffodil deadly nightshade fern fleur-de-lis foxglove geranium gooseberry grass hellebore iris
energy in action you’re a wonderful friend, rest think of me, be mine, luck unrequited love, respect falsehood
ivy
fidelity, wedded love
jonquil
affection returned
juniper
protection
king’s cup lady’s slipper
I wish I were rich win me
lilac
first emotion of love
lily of the valley
return of the happiness, humility
lily (white) (pink) linden marigold myrtle narcissus nasturtium olive branch orchid
sweetness, purity admiration, compassion matrimony pain, despair, jealousy love, home, duty egotism, formality patriotism, conquest, victory in battle peace love, beauty
parsley
useful knowledge
peach blossom
I am your captive
poppy
eternal sleep, oblivion
primrose
I can’t live without you
rhododendron
I am dangerous, beware
fascination, magic, secret
rose (red) (pink) (white) (lavender)
love, desire happiness charm, innocence enchantment
flame, burning
rosemary
remembrance
snapdragon
presumption, deception
stateliness, youth stupidity, folly anticipation submission scandal faith, valor, wisdom
sunflower tuberose vine wormwood yew
fake riches, pride dangerous pleasure intoxicating absence sorrow
Language of Flowers | 293
Botanical Latin Primer Botanical Latin is not real Latin, and nobody really knows how to pronounce it. All purists trying to correct you are just doing it as a self-indulgent hobby. About 80% of the general names and 30% of specific epithets come from languages other than Latin; therefore, establishing a ‘correct’ way of pronouncing it is impossible. This technical language serves a simple purpose: it allows botanists from all over the world to discuss the plants without having to first establish how exactly is this one called in various languages. Botanical Latin is a tool for the organization of the lore and not a spoken language. The alphabet contains 26 letters; the grammar rules are numerous and outside of the scope of this book. For our purposes, it is enough to remember this: each botanical name of the plant is binomial—that is, built from two parts: E.g. Aconitum napellus, Ficus aurea Generic
Specific
genus’s name
epithet, species's name
noun
adjective or noun
always capitalized
always lowercase
abbreviated to thefirst letter if repeated
never abbreviated
italicized in print
italicized in print
294 | Botanical Latin Primer
GENERIC NAME
The first part is the genus of the plant. Almost 30,000 genera are known in botany, and their number rises every year, as new are discovered. ‘Genus’ means ‘birth’, ‘sort’, ‘type’, or ‘origin’, and these names often come from the natural language or personal and geographical names. Note that Latin is a highly inflected language, and its nouns have gender, number, and case. All of them affect the subsequent specific name; most of it, the grammatical gender: masculine (m.), feminine (f.), or neuter (n.).
SPECIFIC NAME
The second part is the description of the species, usually an adjective, a participle, or a noun. The grammatical gender informs the ending of the adjectives. The most popular are: masculine -us, -is
feminine
neuter
-a, -is
-um, -e
E.g. Dictamnus albus (m.), Rosa alba (f.), Santalum album (n.) Epithets usually describe the color, the growth habit, the fragrance, the texture, the bloom time, the habitat, the country of origin, or the name of the discoverer. The following tables list the most common specific names found in botanical Latin, organized by the type, then alphabetized by the English version.
Colors
Variegations and Markings
azure
azureus
black
ater, niger
blotched
cruentus, sanguineus
blurred
lituratus
bordered
limbatus
blood-red blue
caeruleus, cyaneus
brown
brunneus, umbrinus
cream
eburneus
emerald flame golden gray green indigo ivory lavender olive
maculatus
clouded
nebulosus
dotted
punctatus
edged
marginatus
lettered
grammicus
igneus, flammeus
marbled
marmoratus
aureus
ocellated
ocellatus
cinereus, griseus
painted
pictus
viridis
spotted
guttatus
indigoticus
striped
vittatus
eburneus, eborinus
tessellated
tessellatus
caesius
variegated
variegatus
olivaceus aurantius, croceus
pale
albescens, pallidus
zoned
rubrum
rose
roseus coccineus
zonatus
Size
purpureus
red
scarlet
fasciatus
prasinus, smaragdinus
orange
purple
banded
compact
compactus
depressed
depressus
gigantic
giganteus
glaucus, thalassicus
large
grandis
silvery
argentus
little
exiguus
smoky
fumeus, fumosus
lofty
exaltatus
tawny
fulvus
sea-green
transparent
verdigris
crystallinus, diaphanus, pellucidus, vitreus aeruginosus
violet
ianthinus, violaceus
white
albus, niveus
yellow
low
humilis
puny
pumilis
small
nanus, pumilus, pygmaeus
tall
elatus, procerus
tiny
pusillus, perpusillus
citrinus, luteus
Botanical Latin Primer | 295
Textures bearded bony bristly
barbatus, crinitus osseus echinatus
dusty
lentiginosus
fleshy
carnosus
frosted
Shapes acute arrow-shaped beaked bell-shaped blunt
acutus sagittatus rostellatus, rostratus campanulatus obtusus
pruinosus
conical
conicus, pyramidalis
glistening
fulgens
curved
arcuatus, curvatus
glittering
spendens
greasy hairy leathery
unctuosus pilosus coriaceus
egg-shaped
ovoideus
equal
aequalis
flat heart-shaped
planus cordatus
naked
denudatus, nudus
hooded
cucullatus
opaque
impolitus, opacus
horned
papery
chartaceus, papyraceus
cornutus, corniculatus
irregular
pleated
plicatus
prickly
aculeatus
linear
linearis
exasperatus, scaber
oblong
oblongus
rough scaly shining silky smooth soft
squamosus nitidus sericueus glaber, laevis mollis
knotted
irregularis
oval rounded sawed shield-shaped spiral
slimy
muscous
sword-shaped
spiny
spinosus
tapering
stinging thick viscid
ellipticus, ovalis rotundatus serratus clypeatus, scutatus spiralis ensiformis, gladiatus attenuatus
urens
toothed
dentatus
crassus
tubular
tubulosus
glutinous, viscidus
umbrella-shaped
waxy
ceraceus, cereus
wavy
woody
ligneus, lignosus
winged
wooly
torulosus
lanatus
296 | Botanical Latin Primer
worm-shaped
umbraculiformis undulatus alatus vermicularis
Growth Habits
Directions
ascending
ascendens, assurgens
brachiate
brachiatus
northern
borealis
climbing
scandens
southern
australis
crowded
confertus
western
converging
connivens
creeping
repens, reptans, serpens
drooping
cernuus
erect
arrectus, erectus
flattened
obtusus
floating
fluitans
flying
volans
fragile
fragilis
hanging down horizontal
dependens horizontalis
eastern
orientalis
occidentalis
Habitats above the treeline by the brooks in the fields in the forests
alpinus rivalis, rivularis campestris sylvaticus, sylvestris
in the gardens
hortensis
in the mountains
montanus
in the sand
arenatius
in the water
aquaticus
in the wet places
palustris
on the islands
insularis
hugging
adpressus
imposing
augustus
inverted
inversus
on the river banks
riparius
decumbens
on the rocks
saxatilis
on the roof
tectorum
on the seashore
littoralis
laying down nodding
nutans
prostrate
pronus, prostratus
reclining
reclinatus
shattering
diffractans
spreading
divaricatus, patens
sprawling
humifusus
straight
rectus
swimming
natans
twining
volubilis
twisted
contortus
upright
fastigiatus
varying
diversus
Usage common domesticated edible fragrant magical
vulgaris domesticus edulis aromaticus, fragrans magicus
medicinal
officinalis
poisonous
venenatus, virosus
stinking
foetidus
Botanical Latin Primer | 297
Plant Generation Tables d20
Name, part 1
Name, part 2
d10
Rarity
1
arrow
bane
1
widespread
2
blood
bark
2
abundant
3
crimson
bean
3
common
4
death
berry
4
popular
5
dragon
bush
5
uncommon
6
fire
fern
6
rare
7
gold
flower
7
endangered
8
good
fruit
8
near-extinct
9
ice
grass
9
legendary
10
life
leaf
10
mythical
11
raven
nut
12
snake
plant
d6
Habit
13
spear
root
1—2
herb
14
spirit
seed
3—4
shrub
15
star
spice
5—6
tree
16
sword
thorn
d6
Properties
17
truth
tree
1
culinary
18
witch
weed
2
industrial
19
wolf
wort
3
magical
20
worm
wood
4
medicinal
5
ornamental
6
poisonous
298 | Plant Generation Tables
DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE
[Name, part 1]-[Name, part 2] is a [rarity] [habit], mostly prized for its [properties] value. It is native to the [climate] [biome]. Interestingly, it [quirk]. (Repeat as many times as desired:) Its [plant material], when [method], will [medicinal OR poisonous OR magical effect]. Unfortunately, [complication]. Roll on the appropriate tables or pick. In case of weird or illogical results, feel free to discard them or explain the bizarre with magic or planar travel. These tables are notdesigned to produce plants that pass the realism test, only the verisimilitude.
d20
Climate
Biome
d20
Quirk
1
arctic
caves
1
is carnivorous
2
arid
deserts
2
is parasitic
3
boreal
forests
3
is symbiotic with another plant
4
cold
gardens
4
stores water in the stems
5
continental
hills
5
has a strong, pleasant aroma
6
dry
lakes
6
is always warm to the touch
7
high-altitude
meadows
7
is covered in sharp spikes
8
hot
mountains
8
is covered in a sticky sap
9
humid
plains
9
smells of rotting meat
10
ice-bound
plantations
10
grows in the tree crowns
11
island
riverbanks
11
grows almost entirely underground
12
marine
roadsides
12
only blooms at night
13
monsoon
seas
13
is poisonous to other plants
14
oceanic
shores
14
causes a strong allergic reaction
15
polar
shrublands
15
produces a lot of pollen
16
subarctic
streams
16
attracts all kinds of insects
17
subtropical
swamps
17
is a favorite snack of many animals
18
temperate
urban areas
18
often hosts bird nests
19
tropical
volcanoes
19
has a lovely, sweet flavor
20
wet
wastes
20
grows incredibly fast
Plant Generation Tables | 299
d20
Plant material
1
balsam
2
bark
3
bulbs
4
buds
5
cones
6
flowers
7
fruits
8
galls
9
gum
10
d20
Method
1
applied to an inanimate object
2
burned as incense
3
carried
4
chewed
5
distilled
6
drank as tea
7
grown
8
held under thetongue
juice
9
ingested
11
leaves
10
juiced and injected
12
petals
11
mixed with alcohol
13
pollen
12
14
resin
placed under apillow
13
15
rhizomes
powdered andinhaled
16
root
14
17
seeds
18
stems
19
timber
20
tubers
Medicinal effect
1
aid digestion
2
alleviate allergy
3
cure wounds
4
destroy viruses
5
fight the flu
6
improve focus
7
kill bacteria
8
lower blood pressure
9
mend bones
10
neutralize poison
11
reduce inflammation
12
remove itching
13
remove nausea
14
remove pain
rubbed on skin
15
sanitize the wound
15
scattered on the wind
16
soothe the skin
16
sewn inside clothing
17
stop bleeding
18
stop cough
17
swallowed whole
19
18
thrown at a target
strengthen the heart
19
torn or shredded
20
strengthen the immune system
20
worn
d20
Poisonous effect
d20
Poisonous effect
d20
1
cause acute pain
8
2
cause bleeding
cause hallucinations
3
cause coma
9
cause inflammation
4
cause contact allergy
10
5
cause death
6
cause diarrhea
7
cause dizziness
300 | Plant Generation Tables
d20
Poisonous effect
14
cause swelling
15
cause violent spasms
cause itching
16
raise blood pressure
11
cause nausea
17
remove a sense
12
cause neurological damage
18
stop breathing
13
cause paralysis
19
stop the heart
20
turn blood to ichor
d100
Magical effect
d100
Magical effect
d20
Complication
1—2
alert about danger
51—52
explode
1
3—4
allow seeing in the dark
53—54
find hidden treasures
dangerous animals often protect it
2
5—6
allow speaking with animals
55—56
find water
it grows in a desolate, far-away place
57—58
grant a sense of direction
3
it is a deadly poison
4
it is highly addictive
5
it spontaneusly combusts
6
it is under the protection of the local law
7
it is easy to mistake with a toxic plant
7—8
animate objects
9—10
attract feyfolk
59—60
grant flight
11—12
attract love
61—62
grant immortality
13—14
attract wealth
63—64
grant invisibility
15—16
bestow courage
65—66
grant safe travel
17—18
bestow luck
67—68
grant second sight
19—20
bless the user
69—70
grant wishes
8
21—22
break curses
71—72
23—24
bring luck in games of chance
keep wild animals at bay
it attracts mosquitoes
9
73—74
25—26
bring prophetic visions
make the user beautiful
it needs to be used within minutes of gathering
75—76
10
it tastes like threeweek-old garbage
27—28
calm animals
open a portal to another realm
cause fear
open locks
11
29—30
77—78
31—32
conjure spirits
79—80
prolong life
its juice stains everything it touches
create a circle of protection
protect from compulsion
12
33—34
81—82
nobody has seen it in the last century
83—84
protect from evil
13
possession is illegal
85—86
protect from harm
14
87—88
purify the area
special set of tools is needed for harvesting
89—90
put undead to rest
15
the stench sticks around for weeks
91—92
raise the dead
16
93—94
reflect malicious magic
the demand is higher than the supply
17
the harvest time is just a single day
18
the rumors say it brings bad luck
19
touching it causes intense pain
20
using it requires an obscure, elaborate ritual
35—36
cure all diseases
37—38
cure all wounds
39—40
detect enemies
41—42
detect lies
43—44
divert lightning
45—46
douse flames
47—48
enforce telling the truth
95—96
remove negative energy
49—50
exorcise spirits
97—98
remove toxins
99—100
stop shapeshifting
Plant Generation Tables | 301
Adventure Seeds BY JAKUB WISZ An overgrown spruce reaches far above the surrounding plants. Despite a lusciously green exterior, the internal branches and needles are dried up, brown and brittle. The yellowed grass beneath the tree is trampled and worn, tracks lead into a foul-smelling small hole at the trunk’s base. A lichen-covered piece of wood sticks out from underneath dense ferns. Barely visible letters are burned into the plank, reading: ‘The bridge is broken; turn around.’ The signpost is old but the wooden stake it was mounted on was broken recently— the break line is still clean and jagged. The ferns beside a nearby narrow path seem freshly pruned. A ring of emerald grass grows in a meadow’s center. Golden specks of mushroom grow irregularly on the ring. Birds and insects’ curious silence recalls a tale about how such rings mark portals to fey realms. A fresh trail of trampled grass disappears right in the center of the ring. The white mark of a freshly-blazed trail is visible on a tree right to the side of a well-traveled forest path. The bark has been recently removed to signify a new passage, yet there is not even a single blade of grass out of order, not even a shadow of afootstep. The trail of blazed trees stretches deep into the forest, disappearing between dense foliage.
302 | Adventure Seeds
A little girl tries to peddle wildflowers on the street corner. She looks hungry and tired, her clothes ragged and at least a size too small. If approached, she has quite the collection of rare herbs, worth much more than she's selling them for. A shifty-looking stranger offers to sell you lotus petals for a steep price claiming that, if eaten beneath the full moon, they’ll grant you your chosen one’s love. If you choose to peruse the ruffian's goods and consume the petals in given conditions: they taste awful. A pine cone painfully strikes the back of your head at high velocity. As you turn around, all you see are majestic evergreens waving in the wind. Another one smacks you right dab in the ear—some hidden rascal must be throwing them! While trekking through the forest, you spot concentric mushroom circles, their red caps with prominent white spots shining in the sun. You can't help but feel someone is watching you from under the broad caps, and not with kindness. A campfire in the woods is a good moment to gather some berries—a bush just nearby is heavy with succulent, sweet, and red ones. If you have a few, however, you quickly realize your mistake as the world becomes surreal and the tree branches reach out to grab you.
A local wise woman peddles invigorating teas, making a humble (but steady) living by mixing herbal remedies. She's always looking to buy travelers’ herbs, gladly offering pointers to locating some—including where to avoid. According to her calculations, this year's crop of mandrake will be more potent and valuable than ever before. Piercing cries of terror plead for assistance. If approached, you encounter a small boy trying to uproot a plant. The corpulent, yet humanoid, root resists with all its tiny limbs’ might and calls out again, shriek piercing the air. A fair maiden calls upon you to join her under the mistletoe. While you're tempted to see what's this about, something feels off. If approaching, you notice crumbling human bones half-covered under the ferns—but too late. While trekking through an evergreen forest, you stumble upon a number of tall pines, trunks stripped of bark up to about human height. If going further down this path, you encounter an angry bear, standing on hind legs to scare you off. You notice a gleam under some ferns after a rainy afternoon—just where the sun rays scatter through the fog, creating a miniature rainbow. Investigating under the bush, you find a small pot full of strange gold coins, gleaming with pearly sheen. Lost in the woods, you stumble upon a crumbling tower overgrown in ivy. You can barely discern the circular entrance’s dark shape under the dense growth. The entry leads to a tiny locked door with the number 13 scrawled on it. A rusty little box is attached to the wall next to it, as if awaiting mail. A wooden pan pipe lies under the elder tree, and its owner is nowhere to be seen. If you play it, it makes no sound, but the leaves rustle as a swarm of squirrels approaches.
A fawn shelters behind a thick shrub of wolfsbane. The adolescent's legs shake from exhaustion and terror—you soon find out why. A hungry wolf circles the shrub patch, seeking its prey—but doesn't pounce into the bush. The intelligence shining in the beast's eyes gives you pause; might there be more to the story than just the way of nature? A white dandelion field stretches over the hill, turning the meadow into a puffy carpet. The wind blows, taking the seeds on a journey towards you. As they fly by, your eyes catch glimpses of color, and you hear the tiniest giggle—as if tiny faeries are joyriding the seeds. You encounter villagers busily gathering mugwort around the hedge. They explain a witch just moved to the area—surely a woman living alone in the woods must be naught but a witch. Therefore, the whole village gathers barrels of mugwort, despite the early spring chill, planning to strew it all around their houses. A stranger pleads for help, his wife is severely ill. Even her medical tea gathered freshly in the woods doesn't help, only worsens her sickness. If investigated, the woman's tea is plainly made of deadly nightshade leaves—how could the poor woman make such a mistake, her garden seems to be tended by someone knowledgeable? The buzzing of bees attracts your attention. The agitated insects fly in circles above a copse of dead leaves. On the ground, two bees face off, walking left and right as if trying to flank one another. A sweet-smelling lemon balm flower lies between them. Wild mushrooms encroach upon a meadow, tall and proud. They seem tasty and ripe for the harvest and yet picking them up seems like a bad idea. Should you do so anyway, the evening mushroom stew is a thing of nightmares, soon after your stomach painfully grumbles and trembles.
Adventure Seeds | 303
A lonely bush burns brightly atop a rocky outcropping. Though the heat is sufficient to make the air shimmer, the leaves and branches remain unburnt—as if by magic. Beneath the extraordinary shrub is a small shrine with an offering bowl full of small trinkets. It appears locals are well aware of the phenomenon. You stumble upon a narrow cave in the wilds. The opening is cleverly concealed with cut branches and rock—rendering it all but invisible to a casual viewer. If you choose to enter, you find a smuggler's den with plenty of contraband and valuable items to pilfer, though hidden pitfalls and other ingenious traps protect the chests and corridors. A hunter stalking her prey comes onto the path, bow in hand. She warns you to be careful, there are bandits about, their fortified camp hidden deep in the forest. There is no telling what might happen if they ambush you, but they would surely stash all they stole in their forest home. A lone fisherman sits beside a stream, dipping the fishing pole in the brisk waters. He greets you but requests you not make noise—the fish scare easily. If inquired, he explains this is the best spot for some peace and quiet, not so much for actually catching anything of note. A lumberjack camp looms ahead—the workers seem well-couth enough and you can smell fresh salmon on the grills. They gladly share a meal in exchange for news of the world. They warn against heading into the forest’s heart, where a man of the forest was allegedly seen. As you pass by a garden, a sweet scent reaches your nostrils. A field of snowwhite lilies of the valley stretches just behind the fence. Between the leaves, on a flat stone, sits the largest toad you've ever beheld and looks at you with pleading in its yellow eyes.
304 | Adventure Seeds
You almost step into a bear trap concealed by dried leaves—almost! You soon realize there are many others on the trail— left by poachers or bandits, there is no way to know for sure. A dark cave looms ahead, entrance outlined with gnawed bones—new and old. Venturing inside seems like a bad idea unless armed to the teeth and ready for anything. Could it be that the beast the locals warned you about dwells in this very hollow? A field of sunflowers grows tall, taller even than you. Brilliant yellow flowers surround the large discs of seeds and warm themselves in the sunlight. As you approach, they all turn to face you, their movement so quick you would miss it if you blinked at the wrong time. Magnificent water lilies almost cover this forest pond’s entire surface. Frogs and whippoorwills sing a wild chorus praising the gods of nature. The entire meadow basks in the morning sun’s golden rays— truly a splendid resting place. A majestic oak dominates the meadow, branches spread far and wide. Its thick and healthy acorns are sure to birth powerful rulers of the forest such as their parent tree. You're overawed at the sight, pondering humanity's transient nature in the world of giants. Scented smoke trailing through the air leads you towards a small house at the edge of the settlement. The doors are locked, window shutters are closed, yet you can hear faint chanting and a rhythmic beat of the drums. You encounter a young maiden scouring the fields for herbs. If asked, she gladly says she's seeking bloodroot for a love charm, aiming to secure a good marriage with a local noble's son. She'd welcome any aid provided, promising to repay you once married into power and wealth.
You find half a dozen cracked eggshells under a basil patch. While nothing out of the ordinary, the apparent “chicken eggs” are accompanied by an equal number of adolescent snakes’ skin molts. While you ponder, the bushes behind you rustle. A street vendor sells delicious cinnamon buns—a small crowd has gathered to get some while they're fresh. Unfortunately, the salesman hasn't made enough, and fights break out. By happenstance, you are close enough to hear him giggle "yes, exactly according to the plan." You stumble upon an ancient stone circle surrounding a mound, its giant monolithic stones mostly overgrown by moss and vines. An altar at the hillock's center is covered in flowers and offerings. Hypnotically dancing bees swarm around it, their buzzing the only worship this antediluvian temple receives. A group of warriors crosses your path. They claim a great battle is coming— though it may very well be an embellished skirmish against bandits. They'll welcome healers and medicine and aren't shy about insisting you accompany them, regardless of your actual healing skill. A small man in ragged clothing cries wayside—you can see his leg is bent unnaturally and think you can see a bone protruding from beneath his torn trouser leg. If approached, the man explains in a shaky voice a horse threw him and begs for help. The hoofprints, indeed, leave the road and lead through the field towards the nearby forest—accompanied by tiny footprints, barely big enough for a child. A group of people, carrying a lot of weapons and even more empty bags and baskets, scours the riverbank in search of razkovniche. They seem certain that it is growing around these parts—yet, it has been three days since they started their quest and so far, found only friendship.
You meet a lone archer camping in the woods. If asked, she claims she’s preparing for a tournament. If you’re any good with a bow, she'll gladly test her prowess in a friendly bet. A town crier distributes fliers to the passersby, proclaiming the local brewery seeks workers to harvest juniper berries in the woods—garden variety berries are just not the same as wild. They pay well and expect employees to have the wherewithal and skills to handle themselves in the forest. A mound is overgrown by thick, thorny vines and nettle—perfect for ointments or soup. If gathering the herbs, you discover the mound is an ancient burial site, its dark entrance built into the eastern wall. Perhaps you'll be the first to venture inside since its construction. You stumble upon a dilapidated house in the woods. The roof collapsed under the weight of years, and walls crumbled—only the floor and fireplace remain. If venturing inside, you discover a heavy, iron floor hatch engraved with arcane-looking symbols leading to the cellar. A large, white rabbit hops onto the road, regarding you with its strangely intelligent, red eyes and nods—as if in a greeting. The animal walks a few paces into the forest, looks back and hops on—as if it wants to be followed into the dark woods. Dead vegetation surrounds the abandoned hut in the woods. Leafless trees cast tangled, bramble-like shadows on the ground and crumbling vines fall apart at the mere touch. By the southern wall of the building, dried stalks of snapdragons carry nothing but skull-shaped seed pods. As you investigate, the tiny seeds pour out of the skulls' mouths, spilling all over the ground. The sudden silence of birds and insects around you is only made more noticable when you hear the rattling of the chains echoing from the dark, dried-up well.
Adventure Seeds | 305
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References #001 ACONITE Known as the Queen of Poison, aconite has a safe place in both folklore and modern occult. Homer says that the first plant sprouted from Cerberus’s saliva, when the hellhound was dragged out of the Underworld by Heracles. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Athena sprinkles dried aconite over Arachne, transforming her into a spider. It is the beloved herb of Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft, magical knowledge, necromancy, and shape-shifting (in her aspect known as Lycania).
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This is undoubtedly the beginning of the connections between aconite and lycanthrophy; it was reinforced by the common use of aconite as wolf poison (hence, 'wolfsbane'). An infamous Germanic tribe of berserkers reportedly consumed aconite to transform into werewolves. As the psychoactive substances contained within can cause the sensation of growing and wearing a fur coat or feathers and all kinds of hallucinations, it was an easy leap into full-blown fantasy shapechanging.
#002 ADDER’S TONGUE Adder’s tongue (in real word known also as 'English adder's tongue,' as opposed to Erythronium americanum, 'American adder's tongue') belongs to a rather peculiar family of plants: they have the highest chromosome count of all organisms on Earth. Medieval herbalists thought that aperson harvesting adder’s tongue risked being followed by snakes; modern herbalists advise against collecting it at all—for no other reason than just because it is so increasingly rare. All of its medicinal properties can be found in other plants; the magical properties aren’t especially unique either, and it makes a poor addition to a bouquet: in the language of flowers, it symbolizes jealousy. All in all, this fern is better left alone—and alive.
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#003 ALLSPICE
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A staple of Caribbean cuisine, allspice (called ‘pimento’) is the basis of Jamaican jerk seasoning. Introduced to Europeans by Christopher Columbus in the 16th century, which—while appreciated—does nothing to make Columbus a better person. To protect the allspice trade, the export of trees from Jamaica was forbidden, and all attempts at growing from seeds have failed. It was only after discovering the seeds need to pass though avian guts before they can germinate that successful plantations have spread through Tonga, Hawaii, and several Central American countries. In Jamaica, it is abundant enough to form entire forests, which require little attention to cultivate.
#004 ALTHAEA
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Popular as a medicine since antiquity, marsh mallow takes its scientific name from the Greek altho, that is ‘to cure.’ Almost all mallows have healing and soothing properties, and were used by cultures from China to Egypt to Rome to Western Europe. Similarly, they were also enjoying marshmallows: as early as 2000 BCE, Egyptians had figured out how to make this gooey, sweet treat. They considered it a delicacy reserved only for gods and royalty (which were, admittedly, interconnected). The French introduced the marshmallows we know in the early to mid-1800s by pouring whipped althaea sap into fluffy candy molds. About a hundred years later, the process was perfected (i.e. mallow was removed from it completely), and now we can all enjoy asnack that’s nothing but sugar, gelatine, corn syrup, and starch.
#005 AMARANTH Amaranth was a staple of pre-Columbian Aztecs, used in religious ceremonies and believed to carry supernatural properties. According to Spanish sources, Aztec women made a mixture of ground seed with honey and human blood, then shaped it into idols for eating during ceremonies. Hernán Cort és outlawed the possession and cultivation of amaranth, reportedly in order to curb the human sacrifice rituals. Whatever were the reasons (planned starvation of the indigenous peoples might have been one of them), amaranth fell into obscurity for several centuries. In modern occult, it is considered sacred to Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec god of Sun and the patron of Tenochtitlán.
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#006 ANGELICA Angelica is the most important medicinal plant in Sámi culture. Known in Scandivavia since at least 12th century, it is valued both as a vegetable and shamanic medicine. The hollow stems were used to make a flutelike instrument, called a f átnu, able to produce a couple of notes in a gentle, melancholy tone as long as the herb was fresh. The pipes were used in magical rituals together with drums.
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Outside of the region, angelica was often considered a panaceum; its name (archangelica) comes from the belief that it was bestowed upon humanity by archangel Michael as the cure for the bubonic plague, amongst other diseases. The existing studies of the plant’s properties give some credibility to the claims—if not those about the supernatural origins, then definitely those about the medicinal usefulness in treating tumors and ulcers, protecting the liver, fighting fungal infections, stimulating bodily functions, and relieving cough.
#007 BANEBERRY
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Even though the species of the Actaea genus are spread around the world, most ethnobotanical lore about them comes from North America, where it was used as agynecological remedy long before European settlers arrived. Even the common name, cohosh, comes from an Algonquian word meaning ‘rough.’ To this day, it is used as a dietary supplement for treating gynecological problems, but lacks scientific evidence about its effectiveness—unlike the evidence of liver damage, hepatitis, increased risk of womb cancer. Black cohosh, Actaea racemosa, shows the most promise. As with many other herbal remedies, more research is necessary.
#008 BASIL Culpeper says a French physician Hilarius (the author wishes she were joking) stated that an acquaintance of his, after smelling basil, developed a scorpion in his brain. Others, like Mizaldus, claimed basil left to rot in horse droppings breeds venomous beasts. Galen said it is poison; Pliny liked the taste. For some reason, plain basil caused quite a stir. Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum, also called tulasi and Vrinda) is a sacred plant of Hinduism, its leaves used in worship of Vishnu, Krishna, and Rama, among others. It has been used in Ayurveda and Siddha practices for centuries.
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#009 BAY Laurel trees are mostly connected with Greek and GrecoRoman cultures, especially with the god Apollo. As the story goes, Apollo fell in love with a naiad (water nymph) Daphne, daughter of the river god Ladonas. Apollo's loving pursuit of the nymph is nothing else than attempted sexual assault, and Daphne’s plea to be changed into a laurel tree to avoid this fate comes as no surprise. In one version of the story, written by Ovid in Metamorphoses, Apollo was shot by Eros’s/ Cupid’s cursed arrow and had no agency in this tragedy either, which makes him one of the story's victims. No matter what caused the infatuation, the moment Daphne transformed into a tree, Apollo became enamored with the tree instead, claimed it for himself, and dedicated it as a reward to illustrious poets, athletes, politicians, oracles, and warriors. Laurel wreaths were worn by the victors in the Olympics, heroes, and Roman emperors, both as a symbol of rank and glory—and as protection against accidents andconspiracies.
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This strong association with victory and high societal standing is the reason for bay’s purported magical properties from repelling witches and poisoners to keeping lightning and evil spirits—the author apologizes for the pun but has no regrets—at bay.
#010 BLACK HELLEBORE Hellebore is one of European antiquity's best known toxic plants. Commonly called the Christmas rose, it allegedly sprouted from the tears of a young girl who was too poor to give a gift to the baby Jesus in Bethlehem. Why would one consider this poisonous flower a proper gift for anewborn is beside the point; Palestine is outside of H. niger native range (the correct plant for the area would be H. orientalis, known as the Lenten rose, which is also toxic). The Greeks used black hellebore as a purgative and a cureall for all kinds of mental illness. Melampus, a legendary soothsayer and healer, used hellebore to cure the madness that struck the daughters of Proetus, king of Argos. The sources are vague enough to call their illness just ‘insanity,’ which in ancient Greek terms might mean anything from a god’s curse to melancholy to ‘having an opinion while woman.’ The plant was also used by Antikyreos, who cured Heracles’s madness caused by goddess Hera, allowing the hero to atone for the murder of his wife and children. In Middle Ages, hellebore was thought to carry even more magical properties. The flowers were strewn on the floor to repel witches and evil spirits, farmers blessed animals with them to bestow protection, sorcerers used them to grant themselves invisibility, and witches threw petals into their potions to invoke powerful and dark magic.
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#011 BLOODROOT Bloodroot grows most abundantly in Canada (hence the name, canadensis) and in the Eastern United States. It has been traditionally used by some Native American tribes as a dye for bodies, clothes, and baskets (most notably Algonquian), and as warpaint by others (Menominee and Ojibwe). It was also exported to France as a textile dye. In modern occult, bloodroot is considered a fire plant, closely connected with Mars and Venus, supposedly representing the duality of the herb's war and protection domains.
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While praised by homeopaths as ‘useful in fighting melanoma’ and used as an ingredient of black salve (a pseudoscientific alternative cancer treatment, illegal to market in most of the world), no positive effect is scientifically proven. The tissue necrosis caused by black salve is well evidenced, though.
#012 BOG MYRTLE
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Bog myrtle is native to Northern Europe, Asia and North America, growing scarce due to destruction of its natural wetland habitats. It was a popular flavoring for beer in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, especially in Germany, the Netherlands, and England—in some places, like Sweden, well into the 20th century. It went out of style thanks to the ‘hops lobby’ of Protestant England and the increasing taxation of gruit (the right to make it belonged to noble houses and bishops). This lobby stated that gruit beer causes headaches (unlike any other kind of beer, the author supposes), spoils quickly, and is an epitome of the Catholic cult of earthly pleasures.
#013 BURNING BUSH Dictamnus albus is sometimes called ‘false dittany’ to distinguish it from Dittany of Crete—a low-growing herb in the mint family, reputed to have miraculous wound-healing properties. For the sake of not putting Crete on your world's fantasy map, both dittanies are combined. There are multiple accounts of eye-witnesses claiming fraxinella can combust spontaneously, but a single solid proof of it happening is yet to be found. It can be, however, set alight with a match or a spark, going up in short-lived burst of flames. The plant does not seem to mind.
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#014 CALABAR BEAN Calabar bean is a native of West Africa, especially Nigeria; it takes its English name from Calabar, the capital of Cross River State (Akwa Akpa in the Efik language). The Efik people used the beans in trial by ordeal, most notably in cases of suspected witchcraft or grievous crimes. If the accused survived eating the bean, they were deemed innocent. The trick was not chewing it: hard-shelled calabar beans are a natural emetic, and swallowing one whole likely induces vomiting (and therefore passing the trial). While most likely not common knowledge, it must have been known to at least the people in charge of the trials; when the death penalty was announced, the beans were the tool of choice. In those cases, the beans were served finely chopped.
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For the sake of fantasy, the assumption is made that the beans react to magic; it goes without saying that all witch trials are a hoax and should be abolished.
#015 CALENDULA The Romans, who named the plant, thought it funny to pretend calendulas bloom on the first day of each month, i.e. on the kalends. While obviously factually wrong, calendulas flower almost constantly if kept in a mild climate and regularly deheaded before setting seed. In almost all cultures, calendulas have some connection to the Sun. Greek mythology mentions a story of four wood nymphs who fell in love with the Sun god, Apollo, to such degree they forgot their duties to their goddess, Artemis. The annoyed goddess turned the nymphs into dull-white marigolds. Apollo, after learning what had happened to those who loved him, took pity: he sent down his brilliant sun rays to paint the flowers gold. As opposed to, for example, actually helping. His job there was done. Calendulas are often used in love magic or as an aphrodisiac. A European legend says that if a maiden steps on one with her bare foot, she will understand the language of birds, which was empirically tested by the author about fifteen years ago and deemed unlikely; it is possible the local birds were being difficult on purpose and only pretending to tweet asusual. Nevertheless, calendula's medicinal properties are mostly scientifically validated. The plant is antiseptic, astringent, promotes wound healing, and does reasonable wonders to sensitive, irritated skin and chapped lips. An easy salve can be made from calendula-infused oil mixed with beeswax. It keeps well and helps with scratches, rashes, and dry skin. Very early in vitro tests show it has some anti-genotoxic properties, which has made certain people call it a herbal remedy for cancer. Do not trust those people.
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#016 CALOTROPIS
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A sacred plant of Hinduism, calotropis is often used in Shiva worship. It is also said to be a prolific herb in Tantra vidya, sometimes called ‘dark magic’ and considered taboo. Popular in India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Southeast Asia, calotropis produces durable fiber used in making ropes, carpets, fishing nets, and bowstrings. The seed floss is a fluffy, water-repelling, and buoyant material, perfect for stuffing pillows and life jackets. Snakes hate the smell of calotropis; snake-charmers use it to control and train newlyhatched cobras and other venomous reptiles.
#017 CATNIP It is widespread knowledge that catnip has a stimulative effect on cats, causing euphoria, playful moods similar to females in heat, and sometimes aggression. It is caused by nepetalactone, one of the plant’s volatile oils, and works as advertised on about 70% of cats, from domestics to lions and tigers, once they reach sexual maturity. It is nonaddictive and shown to be perfectly harmless, but there is an ongoing discussion whether drugging one’s cat is ethical.
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Occult lore connects catnip with Venus, Taurus, and— unsurprisingly—the feline goddess Bast. It is considered a love herb, associated with softness and physical attractiveness, which makes it interesting when one learns American boxers in the early 18th century used to chew raw catnip before matches to raise their level of aggression. There might be a curious connection between the generally relaxing and incidentally stimulating effect of catnip on humans and the way it affects cats. Still, scientific studies are few and far between.
#018 CEDAR Thuja occidentalis (‘western’) grows natively in Southern Canada and the Northern United States; before introduction to Europe in the early 16th century. Now a popular ornamental, it has a strong place in both Native American and Slavic folklore, especially as a sacred tree of protection. In Ojibwe culture it is revered as Nookomis Giizhik, Grandmother Cedar—a gift to humanity. It represents north on the Ojibwe medicine wheel. An ancient cedar, called Witch Tree, is growing on the shore of Lake Superior and is being protected from tourists and vandals.
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#019 CHAMOMILE The most popular herb in the world, growing on all continents save Antarctica. It is most abundant (and cultivated on a mass scale) in southern and Eastern Europe and Egypt. Its first recorded use comes from Egypt—chamomile was considered an offering to Ra, the Sun god, and an important element of the mummification process. Unlike many other ethnobotanicals, chamomile’s medicinal properties have been tested in multiple studies. It has been shown to promote good sleep, calm the nerves, lessen muscle tension and cramps, reduce stomach acidity, clear the skin, and expedite wound healing. It is valued by the cosmetics industry, as it lightens blonde hair, softens skin, and is a gentle antibacterial cleanser. As with other herbs in the aster family, it can cause strong allergic reactions and should never be used with blood thinners or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories.
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Chamomile is so common it appears in folklore globally: as a protective bath for newborn babies, a cure for other plants, a part of healing amulets, a symbol of the Sun, and as fairy food. Slovakian folklore advises one to bow before each chamomile plant to show gratitude for its healing power; as somebody who has grown up next to a giant chamomile-covered meadow, the author thinks this practice is an extremely time-consuming endeavour. She still, however, enjoys a daily cup of chamomile tea with honey.
#020 CHRYSANTHEMUM The symbolic meaning of chrysanthemum varies greatly, depending on culture. In Chinese art, chrysanthemum is one of the Four Gentlemen, a recurring theme of uprightness, humility, purity, and perserverance (the other three are: plum blossom, bamboo, and orchid). In Japan it is the symbol of the Emperor and the Imperial Throne. It is also widely popular in Iran and Israel, as well as Australia and the United States. In Europe, chrysanthemum loses its positive connotations and is associated with death. In Poland, for example, bouquets and pots of chrysanthemums are placed on graves to honor the dead on All Saints’ Day. They are ‘graveyard flowers’ to the point of almost never being used outside of that context—which is a shame, because the scent of chrysanthemums is strangely calming and pleasant. They are a popular ornament during funerals as well, alongside white lilies, carnations, and pine twigs. In modern occult, chrysanthemums are connected to the Sun and fire. As modern cultivars come in a multitude of colors, spell and ritual applications are about as varied as the applications of candles, with the central theme of protection.
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#021 CINNAMON The “true cinnamon” (C. verum) comes from Sri Lanka and is considered the highest quality spice, readily available for purchase in Asia and Europe. In the United States, United Kingdom, and India, however, most of the available cinnamon is C. cassia—cheaper and easier to cultivate. Cinnamon has been used as a spice for millennia; it is mentioned in the Old Testament, the Egyptians used it in the mummification process, the Hebrews in holy oils and incenses. It was also a popular medicine in China, Ghana, Philippines, and Haiti. Current studies of cinnamon mostly confirm the wisdom of the ages: it is an antioxidant with antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Further studies are necessary, especially those exploring traditional uses of cinnamon against cancer, cardiological, and neurological disorders.
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In modern occult, cinnamon is, unsurprisingly, a Sun- and fire-aligned plant, connected to Venus. It is used in spells of love and desire, to conjure lust and attract lovers; this stems from the traditional use of cinnamon as a ‘heating’ spice and aphrodisiac. It inspires passion of all kinds, offers protection in times of discomfort, brings power and stability, and helps find new ways of living one’s life to the fullest potential.
#022 CLOVE Cloves have been valued as a spice and medicine for thousands of years, but their widespread trade started during the European colonization of Indonesia. As the Dutch had taken over from the Portuguese, they grew dissatisfied with the low price of cloves (low in their opinion; it was never cheap to begin with). To bring in more profit, they decided to burn down most of the trees growing on Maluku Islands. Now, according to some sources, the native Moluccans had a custom of planting a clove tree when a child was born, and the health of the tree was directly connected to the wellbeing of the child. Obviously, the tree’s death was agrave omen. The subsequent rebellion on the islands was, of course, fought for more reasons than just that—one does not need to know a lot about colonialism to find others—but the burning of the clove trees is thought to be an important symbol in the centuries-long struggle against the colonizers. The Dutch monopoly on cloves ended earlier than that; in the late 18th century, the French stole some saplings from the oldest surviving clove tree, Afo, by the hand of botanist Pierre Poivre. In other parts of the world, cloves were valued for more than just their price. In 3rd century BCE, courtiers seeking audience with the Han Dynasty emperor were required to sweeten their breath by keeping a clove in their mouth throughout the whole interview.
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#023 CLOVER Shamrock, the national symbol of Ireland, is not directly connected to any real botanical species. The most common form, with three heart-shaped leaves, suggests wood sorrel much more than clover, even though it is, technically, supposed to be clover. Alas, not everything in the world is an exact science, and we are forced to embrace the confusion and contradictions.
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Four-leaved clovers are relatively rare (about 1 in 5,000). There are multiple explanations for their occurrence, from recessive genes to gene interactions to mutations, to developmental errors of environmental causes. Possibly all four at the same time. At the time of writing this book, the record for most leaves on a single clover is a staggering fiftysix, discovered in Japan by a professional clover farmer and scientist, Mr. Shigeo Obara of Hanamaki City, Iwate, Japan, in2009.
#024 COLTSFOOT The author has spent an immoderate amount of time going down the rabbit hole of coltsfoot’s toxicity. Scientific sources keep quoting two lethal cases of coltsfoot poisoning, both shown to be caused by other plants misidentified. Nevertheless, coltsfoot is infamous enough to be banned in Germany. German scientists have even managed to produce a registered variety of T. farfara, ‘Wien,’ which has no detectable levels of toxic alkaloids and the standard array of medicinalproperties.
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In Poland, the hard candy made of thyme and coltsfoot is sold in every pharmacy and half of the grocery stores, and prescribed for all kinds of sore throats, coughs, and catarrhs.
#025 COMFREY While toxic, comfrey might be one of the most useful plants to put in one’s garden, especially in no-dig or permaculture cultivation. Long, robust roots can reach more than a meter underground, pulling various micro- and macro-elements to their leaves. Harvest them and drop on the ground for fresh mulch or use as a nitrogen-rich part of your compost heap. Comfrey makes a perfect—if stinky—liquid fertilizer, speeds up the ripening of tomatoes, is ridiculously easy to propagate, and is a great companion plant to basically anything from flowers to fruit trees. Just don’t eat it.
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#026 DANDELION Dandelions are native to Europe and Asia, and have been brought to America as a food crop. It is nowadays naturalized throughout the world, being an extremely prolific and sturdy herb. It was known and used by Ancient Romans as a medicine, and is now known by most people as a noxious weed. It is somewhat understandable—with each plant able to produce even 5,000 seeds per year, they propagate quickly and mess up clean, suburban lawns.
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They are a staple of European and Asian folk medicine (especially Chinese), thought to purify the blood and strengthen the immune system, as well as promote the health of the liver and kidneys. There aren’t many modern medicinal trials, but existing ones confirm the folklore: dandelion extract definitely is a diuretic, it can block UVB radiation when applied to the skin, it stimulates pancreatic cells to produce insulin, slows the progression of liver scarring in mice, and slows the growth of pancreatic and prostate cancer cells in tube tests. As always, more research is needed, but the medicinal usefulness of dandelion is definitely not unfounded.
#027 DEADLY NIGHTSHADE If you were to name one plant connected to witchcraft, you would probably mention this one. And no wonder: in European folklore, deadly nightshade is supposed to be the property of the devil. The Latin name comes from Atropos, the severest of the Greek Fates, who cut the thread of life. It has been used as poison, medicine, and cosmetic (dilated eyes were considered beautiful) since antiquity, and the constant uncertainty about the dosage and effects gave cause to many legends and fantastical explanations. As far as folklore is concerned, an ointment made of deadly nightshade allows witches to fly; the feeling of flying is one of the hallucinogenic effects of the atropine. Eating the berries lets the devil steal your voice; a complete loss of voice is one of the most peculiar effects. The devil tends to the bushes himself, trimming them on all nights but the Walpurgis Night, when the witches’ sabbath is held. On that night, belladonna transforms into a beautiful and enchanting lady, deadly to behold. Some scientists claim Bacchanalian orgies were caused by wine spiked with deadly nightshade juice, which evoked heightened erotic feelings, frenzy, and hysteria. Deadly nightshade was also used to bring on sleep: according to tradition, when Duncan I was King of Scotland, Macbeth’s soldiers used deadly nightshade to poison the entire invading army of Danes by offering them spiked liquor as a sign of truce. They then proceeded with killing the Danes in their delirious sleep. Interestingly, the same method (minus the murders) was used by Sally the Rag Doll in Nightmare Before Christmas (by Henry Selick and Tim Burton), to repeatedly escape imprisonment.
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#028 DOGWOOD
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Dogwood is ubiquitous in American occult writing and almost non-existent in other regions. An American myth states Jesus’s cross was made of dogwood: that’s why the ‘flowers’ are in the shape of a cross, and why the tree was cursed by God to never again grow to the size needed for crucifixion. Dogwood, however, is not native to Palestine, which casts a shadow of doubt on this particular claim. In other cultures it is connected with elves, and considered sacred during Beltaine. Some sources claim it was associated with the Irish hero Cú Chulainn ('Culann’s Hound'). However, as the author has not found any proof of dogwood growing in Pagan Ulster, any connection is probably only caused by the ‘dog’ association.
#029 DRAGON’S BLOOD This blood-red resin has been known in most parts of the globe since antiquity, even though different cultures sourced it from several unrelated plants. The Romans, Greeks, and Arabs used the red sap of Dracaena cinnabari from Socotra (Yemen). Dracaena draco, native to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Morocco, has been used for similar purposes since 15th century. Daemonorops draco, cultivated in South-East Asia, is a staple of Chinese, Malay, and Bornean medicine and dye-making. The Western hemisphere often used locally sourced Croton lechleri, a spurge with bloodstopping latex used as liquid bandage by indigenous peoples of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.
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Most of the commercially available dragon’s blood resin comes from Daemonorops draco. As far as modern occult is concerned, all types are interchangeable.
#030 EDELWEISS A national symbol of Switzerland and Austria, edelweiss has a strong position in Alpine folklore. It symbolizes honor, commitment, love, courage, dedication, and worthiness. Young men used to scale the highest mountains to reach the elusive flowers and offer them to their beloveds. During World War II, it was a symbol of resistance against the Nazis in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; it was also an emblem of multiple German mountainous military units. It is worth noting that edelweiss originated in the steppes of Mongolia and is not a native European species.
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#031 ELDER This sacred tree of Pagan Europe has received its unfair share of abuse from Christianity. For centuries used in burial rites in Britain and Ireland, it was condemned as the tree of Christ’s cross (note the similarity to American dogwood!) and the tree on which Judas had hanged himself. The original story about spirits and goddesses (or the goddess, The Green Mother) living in the elder trees was replaced with tales of witches treating it as free real estate. General advice has moved from ‘plant elder near your house to protect your family’ to ‘do not grow elder, because awitch will move into it and then into your house.’ In consequence, once a symbol of purity, peace, and protection, elder was reforged into the emblem of sorrow and death.
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In any case, harming elder trees will bring ill-fate and sadness. Just like you shouldn’t burn the wood—toxic fumes are sure to bring on bad times if one fills their house with them!— you should also avoid furniture made of elder. It was customary to ask permission before harvesting any part of the tree, to make sure one did not hurt and offend the goddess. Troels Arnkiel, 17th-century German pastor and researcher of antiquity, gives the exact wording: ‘Our forefathers also held the Ellhorn holy wherefore whoever need to hew it down (or cut its branches) has first to make request “Lady Ellhorn, give me some of thy wood and I will give thee some of mine when it grows in the forest”—the which, with partly bended knees, bare head and folded arms was ordinarily done, as I myself have often seen and heard in my younger years.’
#032 FERN The legend of the fern’s flower are most popular in Poland and Germany: according to it, if you find such flower on Midsummer (or St. John’s Eve), you should collect it at once, then start digging just under the plant until you find the buried treasure. Then, wearing the flower next to your skin, return home with the treasure, not looking around, not talking to anybody, not letting the dark forces distract you (and they will try with all their might—they can’t harm you, though). Only at home you can rest and enjoy your newly found riches. In some versions of the legend, the fern’s treasure is Devil’s business; therefore, it cannot ever be given away to people in need. You must spend it in the most selfish and hedonistic way possible or risk losing it all—as the legend goes, you can't even save your starving mother. To this day (and since Pagan times) in Poland, young people go into the forest during the summer solstice parties to look for the fern’s flower. As they usually go in pairs, the ‘flower’ is an obvious euphemism and corresponds closely to the standard practices undertaken during Midsummer rituals.
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#033 FOXGLOVE Native to temperate parts of Europe, foxglove has been used medicinally since antiquity to cure bedsores and other wounds, usually in the form of ointments or poultices. In 18th century, an English doctor and botanist, William Withering, took to the heart the local lore about foxglove’s effect on the heart and ran a controlled medicinal study. About 160 patients later, he published An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses. Outside of medicine, the plant is connected with the fairies. One story even states the fairies have taught foxes how to ring bell-shaped flowers to alert each other of the hunters’ approach.
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Flora—the Roman goddess of flowering plants—has caused Juno’s pregnancy by touching her abdomen with foxglove flowers. According to Ovid, this is how Mars was conceived: by amagical flower and by Juno annoyed at Jupiter for pulling Minerva out of his head.
#034 FRANKINCENSE
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Used for at least 6,000 years, frankincense became synonymous with incense in general. It is widely used in rites of many religions (especially the Catholic Church) for purification and consecration. Its name comes from Old French franc encens, meaning ‘high-quality incense.’ Native to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa, frankincense is being traded in thousands of tons every year, causing the over-exploitation of the Boswellia trees. B. sacra, the primary source of frankincense is considered ‘near threatened.’ According to a 2019 study, the next two decades will see a 50% reduction in B. papyrifera. As the trees grow in harsh areas full of military conflicts and poverty, harvesting (and overharvesting) frankincense is often the only source of income for the native population.
#035 FUMITORY Used in Europe since antiquity, fumitory has been always considered a powerful agent for banishing and expelling. Germanic witches threw stems on hot coals to exorcise spirits, while doctors used it to remove worms and other parasites, expel gallstones, clean the liver and kidneys, and purify the blood. There are some scientific reasons for it; fumitory infusion regulates the production of bile in rats, and it is approved in some countries for colicky pain. As for the magical properties, the science keeps quiet.
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#036 GALBANUM
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Native to Iran, F. gummosa has been used since antiquity as medicine and incense. It is mentioned multiple times in the Bible as a consecrated incense, often included in the mix so its bitter, leafy scent reminds everybody of deliberate and unrepentant sinners (at least according to 12th-century Talmud commentary by rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, better known as Rashi). Nowadays it’s used in perfumes, especially ones with higher price points, with green, leafy base notes and bright, effervescent qualities. Known for centuries, the antibacterial and preservative properties of galbanum are currently gaining more interest from the science world— apparently, a water extract of the resin can protect other compounds from spoiling (or even slightly changing their properties) for up to six months, and protect metals from acidic solutions. The future looks bright.
#037 GARLIC
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The author realizes she could write a whole book on the magical, mythical, and legendary properties of garlic, but that is not this book. The plant has been used for millennia (Sanskrit records show its medicinal use about 5,000 years ago), and for all that time was considered if not sacred, then at least intensely protective, strengthening, and a veritable power of Good. Garlic oil smeared on the feet of corpses protected them from possession by evil spirits, bulbs were sacrificed at crossroads as a midnight snack for Hecate, and braids hung in new houses to bring good luck. In Palestine, if a bridegroom wears a clove in his buttonhole, he is assured a successful wedding night; garlic is also considered an aphrodisiac in Ayurvedic medicine.
#038 GERANIUM In modern occult, the name Geranium applies to Pelargonium graveolens (a tropical plant of South Africa— currently acommon house plant, valued for its long-lasting flowers and pleasant scent) and Geranium maculatum (a woodland plant native to North America). They belong to the same family of Geraniaceae, and as far as anybody in the magic world is concerned, they may be substituted for each other at will, depending on availability. In the botanical and medical world, they are completely different plants and should not be mixed—but according to the Meskwaki, G. maculatum root tea is a good toothache cure.
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#039 GINGER Commonly used as a food spice around the world, ginger has been an important herb in Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Tibb-Unani classic medicines. It is one of those plants prized and used for centuries if not millennia, and only now rediscovered by science. From an aphrodisiac to a nausea cure, ginger has thousands of uses. Madame du Barry, a royal mistress of Louis XV of France, was recorded serving ginger ale to her regular lovers to ‘turn them into pliant, submissive sexual partners.’ Avicenna has also stated that ginger ‘increases lustful yearnings,’ as did Dioscorides (in De Materia Medica), Pliny the Elder, Kama Sutra, and many other sources. So far, science has shown that rats held on ginger diet for 8 days have an increased testosterone level, so there might be something true to the thousands of years of research and use of the ‘unscientific’ medicine.
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For many (like for the author, who has spent her university days in Torun, the world capital of gingerbread), this spice is mostly equated with warmth and cozy winter afternoons, hot tea and ginger cookies. Whether or not ginger magically adds courage and increases the chances of success in all endeavors, it definitely helps to relax, improves the mood and general feeling of satisfaction in life.
#040 GINSENG One of the oldest medicinal herbs known to humanity, ginseng was considered old-and-tested around Year 100, when Shennong Bencao Jing (The Divine Farmer’s Herb-Root Classic) was written based on oral tradition. Shennog, this mythological Chinese sage ruler, has invented agriculture and herbal medicine, then bestowed his knowledge on his people. In some versions of the myth, Shennong has died as a result of his scientific studies—he was experimenting with the effects of plants upon his body and one of the tests ended in a fatal poisoning. This ultimate sacrifice for science and the betterment of humankind is one of the reason why Shennong is worshipped as the Medicine King. In Bencao Jing, ginseng was recognized as a first-grade medicinal herb that can nourish five vital organs of the body (the spleen, lungs, heart, kidney, and liver), has sedative properties, is used for palpitations to restore a normal pulse, dispels pathogenic factors, improves visual acuity and mental activity, and enhances longevity with long-term intake. In later Chinese historical documents, like Mingyi Bielu and Bencao Gangmu, the list of curative properties was extended by: healing internal coldness, spontaneous sweating, vertigo, fevers, headache, vomiting, chronic diarrhea, fatigue, cramps, rectal bleeding, and chest pain. It is not a surprise that when Carl Linnaeus was picking the name for this plant in his new classification system, he used panax—the Greek word for ‘all-healing.’
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#041 HAWKWEED
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Hawkweed is one of those plants causing mischief in modern occult. Since Roman times, it was regarded as a Lunar herb and used in Moon magic. At the same time, alchemists used it to fix quicksilver (mercury) in their pursuit of gold. In Germany, this yellow flower is closely tied to the Sun and gold in folklore, and for rather odd ways, connected to mandrake—growing under gallows and requiring a special tool to dig it out. However, what the author finds most interesting is the potential in phytomining—extracting rare minerals from the earth using plants. The scientists of the Freiburg University of Mining and Technology are making alot of progress in this area lately; maybe soon we’ll be mining in a more environmentally-friendly way.
#042 HAWTHORN
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One of the three trees most connected to fey and fairy beliefs, the other two being ash and oak. In Gaelic folklore, hawthorn marks the entrance to the otherworld, is under the protection of fairies, and should never be cut down. While the advice to not cut down hawthorns has survived throughout the ages, it was just thought to bring ill luck. As usual, Christianity took over bits and pieces of Pagan lore, and molded hawthorn into Jesus’s thorn crown. There is a species of hawthorn native to Palestine (C. aronia), and hawthorn crowns were historically produced: the Greeks used to make them for their brides, and used the branches to build wedding thrones. Nevertheless, the idea of athorn crown stuck and found itself revivified in a French 20thcentury (!) belief that hawthorn bushes sigh and moan on Good Friday as they consider their shame.
#043 HEAL-ALL The legend calls it Hercules’s woundwort, as it is supposedly the half-god hero who brought knowledge of the herb to us mere mortals, after he learned about it from Chiron, his teacher and mentor. At least that’s what Culpeper says, not bothering to quote his sources. Regardless, heal-all was known and used throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America—everywhere it grew in abundance. From the Irish Celts to Nlaka’pamux of the Interior Salish, it cured everything from throat infections to vagin*l issues to muscle pains.
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#044 HEATHER The most Scottish of flowers, heather is at the same time disregarded for its popularity and celebrated for the depth of lore and belief connected to it. Once you see a heathland in bloom, it is hard to forget the feeling of otherworldliness, the romantic, wild, rugged, untamed spirit of independence. Heather is represented in Ogham by letter Ur, meaning earth, clay, and soil. According to many occultists, heather provides a link to the inner self, spiritual power and creativity, as well as the gate to the realm within. It carries the significance of fate, finality, death and rebirth, the immortal, unending power of Creation. In Germany, the color of heather is supposed to come from the blood of slain heathens. The echo of that is found in Scotland as well, connected directly to martyr bloodshed. In the times of religious persecution, heather was used to mark hiding places for hunted worshipers. It was also associated with ancestors and is found on many clan badges.
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The author of this book loves heathers, as you may have realized by now. If you want to partake in this specific joy, there is no source better than The Heather In Lore, Lyric And Lay by Alexander Wallace (published 1903).
#045 HEMLOCK For Europeans, hemlock is the poison we learn about in history lessons. Used since antiquity, it was a toxin of choice in government-enforced capital punishments, especially in Greece. The most well-known case is the death of an Athenian philosopher, Socrates, described by his student, Plato: The man ... laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He said “No”; then after that, his thighs; and passing upwards in this way he showed us that he was growing cold and rigid. And then again he touched him and said that when it reached his heart, he would be gone. The chill had now reached the region about the groin, and uncovering his face, which had been covered, he said – and these were his last words – “Crito, we owe aco*ck to Asclepius. Pay it and do not neglect it.” Those who wish to argue that Socrates was poisoned with cicuta, not with hemlock, the authorwishes to inform that the differentiation between Conium spp. and Cicuta spp. was only introduced in 16th century, and the latter is native to North America and does not grow in Greece. In the light of botanical nomenclature, we might safely say we killed one of the brightest minds in history with hemlock. For impiety and corrupting the minds of the young men, of all things.
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#046 HOLLY A Christmastime classic, the use of holly as a decoration has its roots in old Pagan religions. The Romans used it during Saturnalia, a festival and holiday in honor of the god Saturn, held on 17—23 December. The festivities included religious sacrifices, public banquets, private parties, giftgiving, gambling, drinking, and a time of liberty for slaves and free people alike. The houses were decorated with holly, and boughs of them were given as gifts. Holly was so closely connected with Saturnalia that its use was once forbidden to early Christians by an edict of the Church of Bracara (now Braga, Portugal). The love for this winter herb was shared by the druids, who both carried holly for protection and decorated their abodes with it to inform woodland spirits that they are welcome to seek warmth and shelter inside. Wreathes of holly are still used in modern druidic and wiccan traditions to welcome a new priestess or priest to the community. In Neopagan beliefs, the Holly King holds court from Midsummer to Midwinter, ruling over the Earth until his brother, the Oak King, slays him at Midsummer and takes over—until the same fate befalls him half a year later, in an eternal circle of war, death, and rebirth.
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Unsurprisingly, there is also a legend that holly first sprang up under the footsteps of Christ, with the spiny leaves and red berries reminding us about the thorn crown, drops of blood, and the general suffering. Also unsurprisingly, holly does not grow in Palestine.
#047 HORSETAIL Equisetum, genus of plants to which horsetails belong, is the only surviving member of the Equisetaceae family, and fully deserves the name ‘living fossil.’ For over 100 million years, the plants of this family dominated the understory of late Paleozoic forests. Back then they were massive trees, reaching to 30 meters tall. Despite thousands of years of use in traditional medicine (both Western and Eastern, with very similar applications), there are no modern studies proving any medicinal properties of the herb; admittedly, barely any studies were performed at all. Outside of medicine, horsetail is until now valued for its silica-encrusted surface. Boiled and dried, it makes a polishing tool of finer grain than even the most delicate sandpaper—it is often employed for smoothing the wood of musical instruments. Fresh green shoots also make a surprisingly good brush for cleaning pots and pans while camping. According to hearsay, the distribution of nodes on horsetail shoots inspired John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, in his discovery of logarithms, which later made many lives significantly easier and many lives equally harder.
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#048 IVY
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Ivy is said to grow particularly abundantly in Nysa on the Maeander, the ancient city of Asia Minor, where according to Greek mythology the god of wine was born and raised. Dionysus (and Bacchus, his Roman counterpart) is often shown surrounded by ivy or wearing an ivy crown; folklore even states that such a crown protects the wearer from hangover. The god’s thyrsus, a wand or staff made of giant fennel (Ferula communis), was covered with ivy vines and leaves and dripping with honey. His followers carried similar wands during celebrations; they symbolized prosperity, fertility, hedonism, and pleasure. Bacchus sometimes changed the thyrsi carried by himself and his retinue into dangerous spears, with iron points hidden between the ivy leaves. A mere touch of that blade was enough to incite Bacchanalia-appropriate madness in bystanders.
#049 JUNIPER
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A favorite of all gin-drinkers and bigos-eaters, juniper has astrong claim to the title of one of the most important plants of European folklore, especially between Scandinavia, Germany, and Slavic lands. There is a powerful connection between the plant and the practices of shamanism, with the smoke used to guide spiritual journeys. The most terrifying of Grimms’ fairy tales, The Juniper Tree, introduces the tropes of ritual cannibalism, sacrifice, transcendency, shape-shifting, and rebirth—all of them well known in the folklore full of dark woods, cultural taboos, rites of passage, and spiritual alchemy. Sadly, there is not enough space in this book for all of that. You won’t regret doing your own research.
#050 KNOTGRASS It is unclear from where the idea of knotgrass stunting growth came, but it was for the first time put in writing by William Shakespeare in A Midsummer Night’s Dream—as an insult, of course: Get you gone, you dwarf, | You minimus of hindering knotgrass made, | You bead, you acorn! An infusion of knotgrass was thought to stunt the growth of humans and animals. Unsurprisingly, none of the active substances in the herb (mostly silicic acid, mucins, tannins, and vitamin C) have that effect. It is quite possible this belief is connected to the magical ‘binding’ properties of the herb, the growth being effectively bound and restricted.
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#051 LADY’S MANTLE
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Since the Renaissance, lady’s mantle has been considered the ultimate answer to all uterine and vagin*l problems. Considered a warming and drying herb, an infusion was prescribed for heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), abnormal discharges (leucorrhea), endometriosis, fibroids, and incompetent cervix. Quoting Dioscorides de Laguna, lady’s mantle astringes the female parts for those who want to appear virginal. Surprisingly, all of those doctors were not wrong (we will ignore Dioscorides, for now): modern research confirms their assumptions, and the tea or extracts of the herb have been used successfully to regulate menstrual flow and decrease the cystic formation in endometriosis (in rats and using Alchemilla mollis and A.persica, not A.vulgaris, but we are getting closer to a cure!). So far, the rest of the purported properties of lady’s mantle are unproven, but modern herbalists are using it to alleviate the side effects of menopause (hot flashes, mood swings, and night sweats). On the basis of ‘can’t hurt to try,’ it is also used during the postpartum weeks to assist regeneration of the uterus, bring emotional balance in case of postpartum depression, and heal from sexual trauma. While there is no scientific proof to those claims, lady’s mantle is a herb generally safe for consumption—even if it is just a placebo.
#052 LAVENDER Native to Mediterranean, lavender has been cultivated outside of its natural range for at least half the millennium, so valued is its scent. It is a household staple, from insectrepelling sachets and sprays to skin care products to bath bombs and potpourri. Ever since the Egyptians added lavender to their standard mummification preparations, humanity has been overcome with love and appreciation for this plant. So is the occult: lavender has so many uses that it makes other herbs pale in comparison. When burned on St. John’s Day, it grants protection from wild and terrifying spirits, it guards against the evil eye when worn, repels mice, and protects snakes (not from snakes, mind you; it is a sacred herb of several snake-adjacent goddesses and bestows protection upon their favorite pets and familiars). European folklore being what it is, lavender is both the symbol of prostitutes (using the lavender-scented perfume and body wash) and it is meant to protect the woman’s chastity (worn together with rosemary). In both cases, the author supposes, the belief hinges on the idea of ‘purifying bath,’ from which lavender took its name, whether treated literally or figuratively. We’ve touched on several other magical applications of lavender in the Plant Guide, but rest assured, it is nothing but the tip of a pleasantly-scented iceberg.
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#053 LEMON BALM
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The scientific name of lemon balm comes from the Greek melissa, meaning ‘honey bee.’ While it should not be confused with bee balm (genus Monarda), it is definitely abee favorite. Beekeepers of old planted lemon balm in their gardens and near beehives to ensure an abundance of highquality honey. Rubbing the leaves on the brand new beehive before introducing a queen to it was a sworn-by method of establishing a new hive and protecting the bees from disease. Modern science confirms the chemicals contained in lemon balm are similar to bee pheromones, attracting them not only with the promise of nectar.
#054 LIFE-EVERLASTING
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The problem with life-everlasting in modern occult is that nobody seems to know which plant they are talking about. Cunningham lists under this entry the whole Anaphalis genus, as well as Gnaphalium uliginosum and Antennaria dioica. Other authors list Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium as life-everlasting. All of those belong to the aster family, have a similar morphology, and most of them were used as medicine by various tribes of Native Americans—depending on the specific plants habitat. Somehow, they all have been described as herbs of immortality, so for the purposes of this book, the author has picked the one with the prettiest flowers to draw.
#055 LILY OF THE VALLEY According to common legend from Sussex, England, the first lily of the valley has sprouted when St. Leonard of Limousin fought a great dragon in a forest near Horham. Wherever the saint’s blood fell on the ground, a flower sprouted. Interestingly, his reward for such a dragonslaying achievement was for snakes to be banished and for nightingales to be silenced, because their singing interrupted his prayers. The author has an opinion about this hagiographical diamond, but she will keep it to herself. In medieval alchemy, water distilled from the flowers was known as Aqua aurea, ‘golden water,’ worthy to be preserved in gold and silver vessels. It was a tonic used for everything from skin lightening to curing heart conditions, shock, and paralysis, to restoring memory and speech. Smeared on the back of the neck, it bestows the gift of common sense.
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#056 LINDEN Next to oak, linden is the most important tree of Slavic folklore, both of Pagan and Christian times. It is a symbol of fertility and divine femininity. Sprigs sprouting under linden trees were considered magically healing, and the trees themselves thought to host gods, spirits, and saints— depending on the century. Under their branches, people were feasting, getting married, serving judgements, and burying the dead. Linden’s protection brought peaceful happiness to everyone who rested in its shade. The trees were often planted in the middle of avillage, to extend their blessing to all inhabitants.
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New lindens were also planted when children were born; in some regions, lindens were reserved for girls and oaks for boys. The health of the tree was considered a prophecy for the child’s life. For similar reasons, cutting down or burning lindens was at least frowned upon, or even considered asin—especially since Christianity replaced feminine gods and spirits with St. Mary, thought to live in linden trees and bestow her gifts like a fairy godmother.
#057 LOTUS
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The cultural significance of the lotus is most notable in Asia, especially in India, where it is considered a sacred plant, Buddha’s earthly symbol. The flowers carry different meanings depending on color, but the most prevalent is the association with the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Just like the buds raise above the murky water in the morning, the human soul rises above the adversities of life, enlightened and rejuvenated under the loving caress of the Sun. According to Egyptian myth, the lotus actually gave birth to the Sun, further strengthening the plant's cyclicalnature.
#058 LUCKY HAND A staple of hoodoo magic, orchid roots are popular in both the ‘Old’ and ‘New’ world. European tradition draws from a Greek myth about Orchis, an errant son of a nymph and a satyr turned posthumously into an orchid, and focuses on the aphrodisiac and anaphrodisiac properties of the root. In the tradition of New Orleans, the main use of the herb is bringing luck and help to those who carry the root around. It is widely popular to this day, especially when in the palmate shape, which suggests that modern practitioners are more interested in ‘lucky hand’ than in ‘Satyrion root.’
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#059 MANDRAKE There is an unending supply of lore about mandrake. Egyptians made a beer from it and used the herb in medicine, it was mentioned several times in the Bible (mostly as a cure for sterility), and since the 1st century AD was a prominent herb of magic. That’s when the story about supernatural mandragoras was either introduced or first written down, including the concept of the devil’s curse befalling whoever unearths the root. Josephus of Jerusalem suggested using adog as a proxy. The same author stated that demons cannot abide the sight of mandrake and will be forcefully expelled from the body of a possessed person. Later writers, medics, and magicians created stories about mandrake root being used to create a homunculus (Paracelsus), about separate male and female mandrakes (they were just describing two separate species, M. officinarum and M. autumnalis), about them growing out from blood and other fluids of hanged murderers, about the terrible shrieking of the plant, about the contrary winds that can kill an unsuspecting forager, and about witches’ philters, brews, and flying ointments. Of course, these stories have significantly inflated the price of mandrake roots and inspired many early entrepreneurs to sculpt and sell fakes.
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The first vote against all that appeared in 1526, in the Grete Herball, an English book on medicinal properties of plants. While it contains many curiosiries and mistakes, it clearly and unequivocally dismisses the mandrake myth. Somehow, it still perpetuates.
#060 MINT There was once a naiad called Minthe. According to myth, she was a lover of Hades, Greek god of the underworld, either prior to his marriage with Persephone or during it. In any case, Minthe was too vocal about her beauty, and valued above Persephone, pushing the latter to violent revenge. The details of the story differ: in some, Persephone beat and trampled the poor nymph until nothing but dust remained; in others, she changed Minthe into an aromatic plant, so it gets trampled by others. Some sources make Demeter, Persephone’s mother, into the murdering party, while others leave the shapechanging to Hades, feeling guilty about the violent death of his lover. The Ancient Greeks used mint to mask the odor of decomposing bodies, which explains the mythological connection to the god of the dead. In many cultures it was perceived as anherb of hospitality, luck, happiness, and love. To show that they’re happy to receive visitors, people would wash the floor with mint-infused water, rub the leaves on the dining table, or just scatter them on the floor, so the trampled herb freshens the air with its dying breath. In modern occult it’s mostly the luck, love, and lust potential that gets used, with multiple mixes of essential oils and menthol rubs available for purchase.
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#061 MISTLETOE Widespread throughout Europe, V. album is a folklore staple, connected mostly with Pagan and druidic traditions. Other parts of the world have their mistletoes, usually from other families in the same order, Santales. As far as modern magical use is concerned, they are interchangeable, but most traditions are connected with European mistletoe specifically. It is the species mentioned by Pliny in the druidic ritual of gold-sickle cutting and brewing apanaceum while banqueting and sacrificing two white bulls—the description brought into public consciousness by the druid Getafix from Asterix comic books. Mistletoe played an important role in the Nordic mythology, both as a sacred herb of Frigg/ Freya and as the plant Loki used to kill Baldr, immune to all other attacks. After Baldr was resurrected at the request of other gods and goddesses, mistletoe was reforged into a symbol of love, not hate. It was ordained that everyone passing under the mistletoe ought to receive a kiss. This was subsequently changed by the English into the custom of kissing any poor soul found under the mistletoe, which caused years of awkwardness, grief, and bad Christmasmovies.
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With holly and ivy, mistletoe features heavily in the traditions of the winter solstice, mostly because it’s still around by that time of the year. Connected in folklore and Neopaganism with Sun and male, fertile divinity, it creates a strong magical pairing with oak and is often used together in rituals.
#062 MOONWORT Botrychium lunaria is not the only herb called ‘moonwort,’ it’s not even the only moonwort to have centuries of folklore behind it. Lunaria annua, known also as ‘honesty’ and ‘money plant,’ is a decorative, flowering biennial in the mustard family. It grows showy silicles (pods with seeds) that turn to shiny, translucent silver. From a distance they look like silver coins, giving the reason for the stories about growing plants out of silver coins—and for even more stories about tricking somebody into believing in money plants. L. annua represents sincerity, honesty, and wealth in the language of flowers, and is considered a protective plant, with the power of keeping monsters at a distance. For obvious reasons, it is used in spells of prosperity and attraction magic, with dried seed pods burned or carried in wallets. As a herb of the Moon, it should be foraged only on Mondays, when the lunar powers are strongest. It was included in the first known description of the witches’ flying ointments (in 1456 by Johannes Hartlieb, a Bavarian physician and herbalist, author of the Book on all forbidden arts, superstition andsorcery).
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#063 MUGWORT Like all plants in the genus Artemisia, mugwort is closely connected with the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana). As such, it is used during the celebration of Midsummer, and used medicinally in treating ‘maiden diseases’—although, of course, it is the name that was given to the plants because of their effect on menstrual flow, not the other, mystical way around. However, as a sacred herb of Diana, it is held in special regard by Neopagan covens, and used in connection to the Maiden aspect of the Goddess.
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Mugwort contains thujone, the same chemical that has given its close relative, wormwood, the fame of a visioninducing and magical herb. Thujone is a narcotic, producing dream-like states of consciousness that have been historically equated with reaching higher states of being, heightened psychic awareness, and deep mystical experiences.
#064 MULLEIN
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Outside of botany, mullein is best known as the herb that Odysseus, at Hermes’ advice, used to counteract the magic of the evil witch Circe, and this way avoid getting turned into a pig like the rest of his impolite companions. However, unlike most printed and online sources will state (all quoting, if the author’s not mistaken, Grieve’s A Modern Herbal), mullein could not be the plant used. Homer describes it as a herb called ‘moly,’ with black root and milk-white flowers, ‘dangerous for a mortal man to pluck from the soil, but for the deathless gods.’ As Circe most probably would have used Datura stramonium (thornapple), some scientists argue that ‘moly’ is a common snowdrop, containing natural antidote to stramonium poisoning.
#065 MYRRH Myrrh has been used in magical and religious rituals for millennia by all civilizations with access to it: from Ancient Egypt and Punt (first noted in an expedition of pharaoh Sahure, in early 25th century BCE), to use in the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, to Ancient Nabatea, to Islam and contemporary Christianity. The incense was used in rituals of purification and consecration, in funerary rites (including the mummification process), and a variety of sacred rites of various religions. In liquid form, it is mixed with egg tempera in the making of icons.
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#066 NETTLE Nettles are one of the most versatile and useful plants that deserve more love than is usually given them. Not only are they perfectly edible when young, full of iron and vitamins A and C, they also make a perfect nitrogen-rich manure, and provide a strong fiber used in Europe for centuries. Similar in texture to flax and hemp (although admittedly a bit harder to extract and work), nettle fiber was used to make ropes and nets, textiles, stockings, and other.
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The most notable use of nettle fiber in fashion is known not from archaeological sources, but from The Wild Swans, a literary fairy tale by a Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen. When eleven princes are turned into swans by their wicked sorceress stepmother, their sister—princess Elisa—is advised by the queen of fairies to gather stinging nettles in graveyards, extract the fiber, and knit it into shirts for her brothers to restore their human form. There’s a catch, of course: a single word said by the princess while working on the garments will kill both her and her brothers. As it happens with Andersen, Elisa falls victim of an infatuation of a handsome king of a faraway land, gets accused of witchcraft herself by the king's archbishop, and almost dies burned at the stake, only to be rescued by her turned-human brothers at the last possible second. For some reason, she still marries the king.
#067 OAK The significance of oak in various cultures cannot be overstated. This long-lived tree has been a symbol of strength, immortality, dignity, and benevolent power for millennia. Almost universally assigned to masculine gods, it was revered by the Romans, the Slavs, the druids, and many others. Until this day, it is a favorite of governments, banks, and the military. Most cultures, starting with the prehistoric Indo-European tribes, connected it with a thunder or lightning god, which we see later repeated by the Greeks with Zeus, the Romans with Jupiter, the Celts with Taranis, the Norsem*n with Thor, and by Slavs with Perun. Oak was a sacred tree that protected its worshipers from the anger of the god in question; acorns or leaves kept inside abuilding kept lightning away. Interestingly, some research shows that oaks are more likely to be struck by lightning than other trees of the same height, mostly due to their high moisture content and deep central root that make them an excellent conductor. As oaks are actually much less sturdy than people like to think (a single plant pathogen can destroy a centuries-old tree in a matter of weeks; read up about ‘sudden oak death’ if interested), make sure to plant as many as you can, and if one of them gets struck by lightning, give it a lot of water and fertilizer, so it can heal itself as soon as possible.
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#068 OREGANO
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According to the Ancient Greeks, oregano is the creation of Aphrodite, the goddess of love. Its name means ‘joy of the mountains,’ and anybody who ever saw the vast hillsides covered in those fragrant, purple flowers would understand this instantly. Supposedly—the author has yet to fulfill the extensive journeying requirement expected from scientists by the Old Masters. The Greeks used oregano for everything from marriage ceremonies to divination to antidotes to enhancing the taste of lamb. This love of the herb has spread throughout Europe, and by Shakespearean times, oregano served as a spice, a perfume, an air freshener, a medicine, and a tool of magic. Not much has changed since.
#069 PARSLEY
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Have you ever heard the saying ‘he has need now of nothing but a little parsley?’ That’s a phrase you can utter about somebody who is dead or about to die. The Greeks have decorated the tombs and corpses with parsley, made funeral wreaths, and considered the herb sacred to Persephone. The association with death has extended into early modernity— parsley was deemed the devil’s herb, and only the wicked could successfully grow it. The seeds had to go to hell and back seven (or nine) times before sprouting, which of course explains the slow germination rate. As outlandish and disturbing the image of a dead body garnished with parsley can be, it is also historically accurate.
#070 PEONY Peony takes its name from Paean, the physician of the gods in Greek mythology. In some versions, he's a student of Asclepius, the healer-god, in others just an epithet of Sun-god Apollo, in his capacity of bringing and removing disease. Be it as it may, he is mentioned in the Iliad as the person responsible for curing Ares and Hades from their wounds. Of course, as this is Greek mythology we're talking about, there is also a version in which Asclepius grows jealous of his pupil's talent for healing and decides to kill him; Paean is saved at the last moment by Zeus changing him into a beautiful flower. Outside of Europe, peonies play an important role in Chinese and Japanese cultures; they are considered a masculine motif symbolizing one's devilmay-care attitude.
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#071 PINE These coniferous trees feature heavily in the folklore of most cultures that lived and died under their far-reaching branches. This is most noticeable in the northern reaches of Europe, Asia, and North America. An Iroquois legend of The Peacemaker and the Tree of Peace makes the white pine (P. strobus) the symbol of union of five previously warring tribes. Other nations, like ka*wkiutl, Micmac, and Shoshoni have their own legends about the pines, and the author highly recommends reading them; the scope of this work doesn't allow to give them proper space. In the Ogham, the symbol of pine (fir) is associated with healing, protection, purification, and wayfinding (both literal and spiritual, like finding one's true life purpose). Hoodoo tradition considers pine a spiritual cleanser, to remove the negative energy and offer mental clarity, as well as get rid of unwelcome ghosts by burning pine wood. Pines are equally revered in Scandinavia, Slavic, and Baltic lands. In Finland, the trees were treated as living gravestones, and the names of the dead and the dates of their birth and death carved in the bark, to remind passersby that these people belong to the underworld. Pines were considered sacred to several woodland gods and spirits, and Finns used to leave sacrificial gifts under the branches. Hugging a tree was supposed to give one courage, and the sap heal the wounds (as a strong antiseptic, it does somewhat helps in that matter).
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A Finnish folktale explains how pine resin came to be: an old bear (maybe even the bear-god of sky and thunder Ukko himself) was walking through the swamp and noticed awoman who fell asleep next to a pine while picking berries. Realizing the woman has a wound in her leg, the bear rushed into its cave and quickly returned with the cure: a healing sap. However, while he was gone, the woman awoke and walked away. Annoyed, the bear threw the sap at the tree, and that's where pines got their resin.
#072 PLANTAIN Plantain is often considered the medicinal herb of Europe. The oldest recipes touting its near-magical power reach antiquity, and they only grow more numerous through early modern and modern times. From Pliny to Erasmus, to Saxons, to 19th-century medics, plantain is always present in ethnomedicine, and current research confirms that most of the claims have some scientific backing. Maybe not the ones about healing snakebites and curing rabies, but we cannot reasonably expect that much. The Europeans have spread plantain throughout the whole world, causing several otherwise unconnected native peoples to call the plant 'white man's foot.' This became incorporated into the genus name (planta, 'the sole of the foot' in Latin).
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#073 POMEGRANATE
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Of all the stories concerning pomegranate, none is better known than the myth of Persephone, the Greek goddess of the underworld, captured and wed by Hades, god of the dead. Persephone was given a fruit of pomegranate and ate a couple of seeds, sealing her fate—for each seed, she was forced to spend a month underground, ruling the dead by her husband's side. Many versions of the myth exist, and they vary greatly (mostly on the issue of Persephone's consent and agency). The eating of pomegranate seeds is seen sometimes as a sign of young girl's naivety, sometimes as an act of love for her husband, and sometimes as a rebellion against parental control. In either case, pomegranates (and Demeter's grief) are the reason the world gets sad and cold in the winter—as we do with them.
#074 POPPY
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Opium is one of humanity's oldest painkillers and sedatives; its use predates written history. It was employed by Ancient Minoans, and samples have also been found in Neolithic archaeological sites in the Mediterranean and west of the Rhine. Used and abused, it has also caused more misery than others—courtesy of the East India Company (the First and Second Opium Wars), multiple colonists, governors, and the pharmaceutical industry (the current opioid crisis). The laws regarding the cultivation of P. somniferum vary widely between countries or even provinces, even though only a few cultivars of the herb contain noticeable amounts of opiates (mostly morphine and codeine).
#075 PRIMROSE While popular in most of Western and Central Europe, primroses have a special place in Irish folklore. The flowers are beloved by the fairies, and not only provide protection from them, stop fairies from stealing, or mark the portals to the fey realms, but also bloom 'on the other side.' Anyone returning from T í r na nÓg will carry a bunch of primroses— which suggests that getting equipped with abouquet is a way of escaping the Celtic Otherworld. As the portals to T í r were supposed to appear where primroses bloomed abundantly, maybe a couple of flowers were enough to move one person between the planes? More theoretical and experimental studies on the metaplanes are needed to confirm.
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#076 PURSLANE
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One of the oldest cultivated plants of East Mediterranean countries, purslane has been discussed as food, medicine, and magical tool since the 4th century BCE, and the archaeological proofs of use reach much further back, to around 1000 BCE in Greece. Pliny the Elder was so sure about purslane's healing and arcane properties that he advised wearing the plant as an amulet to expel all evil; he also derived forty-five remedies made from this plant. Galen considered it near-panacea. Modern opinions on purslane are divided; while it is nutritious (has a high level of Alphalinolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid), it is also mildly toxic (just like spinach—avoid it in case of kidney issues).
#077 RASPBERRY
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As the story goes, the red raspberries got their color from Ida, the mythical nursemaid of the Greek god Zeus. Ida pricked her finger on the brambles while picking the white fruit, and a drop of her blood dyed all raspberries red. The yellow cultivars beg to differ, but the story explains the name of Rubus idaeus, 'the bramble of Ida,' potentially also named after Mount Ida near Troy, where an abundance of raspberries grew. The fruits and leaves (less often, the roots) have been used for culinary, medicinal, and magical purposes for millennia, starting back in the dark caves of the prehistoric era. Modern research is yet to confirm the long-acclaimed usefulness of raspberry tea, but the first results are promising.
#078 RAZKOVNICHE An absolute legend of Slavic plant folklore, razkovniche has many manes and even more properties. In Polish, it's called rozryw-trawa (tear-grass); in Montenegro, it's demirbozan (iron breaker); in Macedonia, ež trava (hedgehog grass); in Slavonia, zemaljski ključ (earth key); in Slovenia, mavrič in koren (rainbow root). In all cases, the magical herb is impossible to find unless you already know what you are looking for. The legends don't identify the herb within the existing botanical system, but the Bulgarian stories include a description that fits Marsilea quadrifolia, and it has been accepted by folklorists as the closest real-world representation, thus the author has decided to continue this tradition.
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#079 ROSE Across multiple cultures, rose is a symbol of love and beauty—unsurprisingly. Cultivation of roses started over 5,000 years ago in China, and spread from there to the rest of the world. Most of the species are native to Asia, with fewer originating in Europe, North America, and Northwestern Africa. Even in ancient days, roses were grown and hybridized to bring out new colors, stronger scents, less or more prominent prickles, or better tasting rose hips. In most of Europe, roses are considered royalty between flowers, as expressed by (probably) Sappho in Song of the Rose (translated by Elizabeth Barrett Browning): If Zeus chose us a King of the flowers in his mirth, He would call to the rose and would royally crown it, For the rose, ho, the rose! is the grace of the earth, Is the light of the plants that are growing upon it.
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Roses are usually associated with goddesses of love and beauty, like Aphrodite, Isis, and Venus. In Christian times, this association has been moved to Virgin Mary, leading to the creation of rosary prayer beads. Roses started to symbolize purity and sacred mysteries, reaching back—again—to Greek and Roman mythology (the story of Cupid bribing Harpocrates, god of silence, with a rose to keep Venus's secrets). Meetings sub rosa (Latin for 'under the rose') were supposed to be fully confidential; hence, the roses were hung above the table in banquet halls, painted on the ceiling, or later carved on confessionals to signify that the conversations would remain secret.
#080 ROSEMARY As a symbol of remembrance, rosemary was considered asacred and ceremonial herb by Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. It was used in funeral rites and marriage ceremonies, prized for its ability to strengthen the memory and communicate the feelings of love and loyalty. While the emotions are hard to quantify, the current medical research shows that rosemary diterpenes inhibit neuronal cell death and the herb is now considered a potential viable method of treatment for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In more traditional approach, rosemary is considered a key ingredient of several alchemical and mystical preparations, like plague-repelling Thieves' Oil or all-healing balm of Fierabras (the same that was used to embalm the corpse of Jesus, and that Don Quixote de la Mancha described as oil, wine, salt, and rosemary boiled together and blessed with prayers; the opinions about its effectiveness are divided fifty-fifty between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza). It was placed in the docks of courts of justice to prevent the contagion of 'gaol-fever' (typhoid fever), burned in sick chambers and hospitals to purify the air and safeguard from witches and evil influences.
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#081 ROWAN For many cultures of Northern Europe, from Scotland to Scandinavia, rowan was a sacred, protective tree that deserved respect and care. In the Scottish highlands there was a strong taboo against cutting down rowan trees or even using any parts other than the fruit. In time, the taboo has lessened its hold, but persisted in the belief that rowan should only be harvested without the use of a knife; naturally broken branches became fair game for toolmaking, carving, and woodworking. On the British Isles, the protective properties of rowan were mostly employed to keep witchcraft at bay; the red-tied twigs were popular on the Isle of Man, doubling-up on the protection of the sacred tree and the apotropaic color. It was thought to repel black magic, malevolent fairies, demons, the Devil, and even save the milk from curdling. In central Europe (mostly in Poland), rowan fruits were put on graves of people suspected of vampiric tendencies to keep them contained.
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In Norse mythology, the first woman was crafted from rowan (the first man coming from an ash tree), and so the tree remembers kindness and humanity. It has saved Thor by bending over a fast-flowing river in the Underworld and allowing the drowning god to get safely to the shore. For the Sami people, rowans were sacred trees of the goddess Ravdna, the consort of the thunder god Horagalles.
#082 RUE A really hard herb to recommend for medicinal use due to toxicity, rue is nevertheless one of the most touted medicines of traditional herbalism. It has been a staple of many cultures, especially in South Europe, North Africa, and India (known as sudab). It has been used to treat paralysis, tremors, joint pains, nervous disorders, colitis, flatulence, sciatica, arthritis, dropsy, kidney disorders, epilepsy, poisonings, eye-tiredness, back pain, chest pain, headaches... Modern research is still ongoing, with the first animal-trials reports confirming strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Culturally, rue is most prominent in Poland and Lithuania, where it is closely linked to maidenhood and virginity. The unpleasant scent of rue was considered an aphrodisiac in medieval Europe, and as such, girls in search of a partner were advised to put the herb in their wreaths. Such wreaths were burned in the morning after the wedding night. About old maids, it was said that they're 'sowing rue.' As virginity is an outdated and useless concept, for the purposes of this book, much more interesting is what John Gerard says in Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes: If a man be anointed with the juice of rue, the poison of wolf's bane, mushrooms, or todestooles, the biting of serpents, stinging of scorpions, spiders, bees, hornets and wasps will not hurt him.
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#083 SAGE
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'Smudging sage' appears commonly in pop culture, which rarely acknowledges that such use of white sage (S. apiana) is a sacred ceremony of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Its popularity caused overharvesting of white sage and potential collapse of the species. If you are keen on using cleansing smoke, use S. officinalis instead: with powerful antiseptic properties, it was employed since antiquity in a similar manner, to clean buildings andsacred sites. Sage leaves were strewn on the floors to repel diseases, infusion of the herb was used to wash hands at table, and it was included in numerous medicines and charms meant to protect from the plague. There was even a saying: Why should a man die whilst sage grows in his garden? The connection to health and longevity was so strong, Salvia officinalis was sometimes called S.salvatrix (Sage the Savior). Even the name of the genus is derived from the Latin salvere, meaning 'to be saved.'
#084 SANDALWOOD
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Santalum album, known as Indian sandalwood, is not the only species used in commercial production of sandalwood. A huge part of oil used in perfumes and chewing tobacco is extracted from the Australian variety (S. spicatum). It yields cheaper, lower-grade oil, but the sapwood doesn't have to be removed prior to distillation, making the process much more profitable. Due to overexploitation, S. album is now a threatened species in its natural habitat of South India, but massive commercial plantations are thriving in Western Australia. Sandalwood is considered asacred wood by several religions, like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sufism, and Zoroastrianism.
#085 SKULLCAP Various species of skullcap have been used around the world, from North America (S. lateriflora and S. parvula) to Equador (S. sarmentosa) to Europe (S. galericulata) to China (S. baicalensis). They all have similar medicinal properties, with S. lateriflora (blue or Virginian skullcap) being the most common in modern pharmacology. The research has proven the calming and anti-anxiety properties of the herb, but the purported 'cure for rabies' has been treated with suspicion ever since 1772, when doctor Lawrence Van Derveer claimed to have single-handedly cured 400 people and 1,000 cattle who had been bitten by 'mad dogs.'
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#086 SNAPDRAGON Native to southern Spain, snapdragons spread across the Roman Empire and beyond, earning themselves many animal-related names. The Latin one comes from Greek antirrinon, meaning 'nose-like,' but across the world, snapdragons have been named everything from 'dogheaded' to 'lion's maw' to 'calf's snout' to 'rabbit's snout' to 'toad's mouth.' The two-lipped flowers open when pressed in the right place and deliver an endless joy to children everywhere. The author remembers fondly figuring out how this works. Snapdragon is technically edible—but most sources talk about the oil extracted from seeds or leaves in Russia since the 15th century. There's even a legend about a poor farmer who had no butter to put on the last piece of bread he was generously offering to a hungry passerby. In return, he was taught how to extract oil from snapdragon seeds and then proceeded to get very rich from selling it. With the tiny seeds and an abundance of better plants for oil extraction, snapdragons will probably stay a curiosity in the culinary arts. In a pinch, the flowers may be used to garnish asalad; they have no nutritional value, but aren't toxic either.
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Outside of being used as a protective plant in most of European occult tradition, the Greeks believed that sleeping with a flower under the tongue and reciting a magical incantation in the morning bestowed invisibility. As the author hasn't managed to uncover said incantation, this gem has to stay in the realm of curiosities, not magical advice.
#087 STAR ANISE Illicium verum, known as Chinese star anise, is a staple of herbal medicine, magic, and cuisine in China, Vietnam, Malay, and Indonesia. The sweet aroma and flavor made it popular in the West as well, usually in desserts and drinks like mulled wine or coffee. Illicium anisatum, known as Japanese star anise or shikimi, is toxic and near-indistinguishable from the former. And yet, it is still a widely used plant, as humanity has no trouble using poisonous plants to its advantage. The dried and powdered leaves and bark are burned as incense and Japan, and the branches used for decorating Buddhist temples. The scent of I. anisatum repels insects, the seeds yield a powerful fish poison, and the planted shrubs dissuade animals from digging the grounds of burial sites. A short story by Pu Songling, The Shuimang Herb, published in 1740 withing the collection known in English as Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio, tells a tale about the deadly shuimang plant, based on I. anisatum: anybody who consumes the flowers is turned into ashuimang ghost who cannot reincarnate until another victim of poisoning takes their place.
340 | References
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#088 STRYCHNINE TREE
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A common myth combines strychnine with LSD, with anti-drug educators telling tall-tales about the inevitable strychnine poisoning while using the drug. This is, of course, false: strychnine is one of the most bitter substances known (noticeable at 1 part per million, way below the toxic level), and it is not used as an adulterant for the drug. There have been cases of strychnine mixed with LSD and other drugs, but those samples were all discovered by law enforcement during murder or attempted murder investigations, where the user was specifically targeted with poison. Accidental strychnine poisoning by ingestion is a very, very rare thing; as a murder weapon it requires a lot of foresight.
#089 SUNFLOWER
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Sunflowers, hailing from Mexico and Peru, were used by the Aztecs in their temples of the Sun. The priestesses wore sunflower crowns and carried the flowers in their hands, and the motif of sunflowers was used for decoration, sometimes inlaid with gold. The plant was known as the 'fourth sister' and planted by several Native American groups on the north edges of gardens, next to the other sisters: corn, beans, and squash. As sunflower produces extracts that increase germination of wheat, amaranth, purslane, and many other useful plants, while inhibiting germination of weeds, planting sunflowers in the fields should be considered abrilliant, pro-ecological, and sustainable practice.
#090 SWEETGRASS Considered sacred by many of the Plains Indians of North America, sweetgrass has been used for centuries as a medicine and a ceremonial herb, with spiritual and cultural significance much bigger than this book can hope to present. A great source of information on this subject is Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants by Indigenous author and botanist Robin Wall Kimmerer. To quote: I could hand you a braid of sweetgrass, as thick and shining as the plait that hung down my grandmother’s back. But it is not mine to give, nor yours to take. Wiingaashk belongs to herself. So I offer, in its place, a braid of stories meant to heal our relationship with the world.
References | 341
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#091 THISTLE Thistles have somewhat of a bad reputation. A garden overgrown with thistles speaks more of neglect than of courage or protection, although the idea of a treasure hidden behind a forest of thistles makes walking through Sleeping Beauty's briars sound like a pleasant stroll through the park. The plants have an important role in the environment, however, and deserve more love than they usually get. They get it in Scotland. According to legend, thistle saved numerous lives during the Battle of Largs in 1263, and turned the tide of the war with the Norsem*n. As the invading Norse army was about to sneak up on a Scottish encampment under the cover of darkness, one of the barefooted Norsem*n stepped upon a thistle, and his pained cry cut through the night air, alerting the Scots to their enemies' presence. Hence, thistle became the national emblem of Scotland, usually depicted with a crown upon the flowerhead. The species in question is probably common thistle (Cirsium vulgare), more than abundant in Scotland.
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Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been considered holy, because someone thought that the milky sap had to originally be the breast milk of Virgin Mary. To each their own folklore. The medicinal properties of milk thistle are yet to be confirmed.
#092 THYME Another Mediterranean staple, thyme has been used by all cultures of the region for its lovely, warm and spicy aroma and antiseptic properties. Among the Greeks, 'to smell of thyme' meant to have an aura of sophistication, grace, and impeccable taste. Prime athletes were often massaged with thyme oil before showing off their physical prowess. The scent was supposed to bring clarity of mind and courage; Greek generals carried springs of thyme or had them embroidered on their clothes. In Early Modern Europe, scarves embroidered with thyme and bees flying above it were quite popular gifts for chivalrous knights. Cunningham mentions that awoman wearing a sprig of thyme in her hair makes herself irresistible, from which we can only divine that courage and confidence might be, after all, quite attractive. According to Pliny, the scent of thyme puts to flight all venomous creatures, and the antiseptic qualities, as it often happens, have been stretched into magical and spiritual purification. It was burned as incense to cleanse and consecrate Greek and Roman temples, used during funerals to guide souls safely to the other side, keep nightmares at bay, and perform all other functions of a purifying herb. Thyme shares those magical properties with many other herbs, especially those used in preservation of meat.
342 | References
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#093 TOBACCO
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Native to the Caribbean, tobacco was first used by the Arawak and Taino people. It was brought to Europe in 1560, by French ambassador Jean Nicot, who gave the name to the genus Nicotiana. Tobacco is considered a sacred plant in many Native American cultures and used for ceremonial and medicinal purposes. It is burned and smoke inhaled in rituals to promote physical, spiritual, emotional, and community well-being, as well as used for a variety of ailments. In Brazil, the leaf juice was drunk to induce vomiting and narcosis. In Colombia, a poultice of fresh leaves was applied to boils and festering wounds. In Ecuador, Haiti, and Mexico, it was employed in battling pulmonary diseases. Nicotine aside, tobacco has medicinal properties—it is just too toxic to advise its use in modern society.
#094 VERVAIN
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One of the most popular herbs of Western occult, vervain (not to be confused with unrelated lemon verbena) has aplethora of magical and ethnobotanical uses. The Egyptians believed that it came from the tears of Isis, crying over Osiris's body. The Greeks held it sacred to Eos, the goddess of the dawn, and Romans decorated Jupiter's altars with its beautiful flowers. In most languages of Central Europe, vervain is known as a variation of 'ironherb,' probably caused by the belief in its magical power to heal wounds caused by iron weapons. According to some sources, it was also added to iron while smelting, and a magician using vervain should surround themselves with a circle of iron.
#095 WILLOW Ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer, and Egypt mention willow bark and leaves as a remedy for fever and aches, and by the time of Hippocrates (5th century BCE) it was a well established medicine for multiple ailments. Salicin, the active extract in the bark, is metabolized into salicylic acid in the human body, and is a precursor to aspirin, with a very similar range of effects. Culturally, willows play a great role in Japan (closely connected to ghosts, usually female), in China (protecting from evil and keeping spirits of the dead at bay), in England (mischievous trees willing to uproot and harass the travelers), and in Slavic countries (serving as homes to spirits, deities, and demons).
References | 343
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#096 WITCH HAZEL
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Etymologically, witch hazel has nothing to do with witchcraft—its name comes from Old English wice, meaning 'pliant' and 'bendable,' and from general similarities to hazel (Corylus genus). Folk etymology, however, has fully accepted the magical connotations, spreading them to other languages: Zaubernuss in German, taikapähkinät in Finnish (both meaning 'magic nut'), oczar ('enchant') in Polish, and trollhassel ('troll hazel') in Swedish. The nuts, loudly cracking open in the middle of the forest, might be a reason for some of these purported magical properties.
#097 WOAD
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Until the discovery of synthetic blue dyes, woad and Indigofera tinctoria were highly prized and widely cultivated as sources of indigo. The former is native to temperate steppes of Central Europe to Central Asia, and the latter to more tropical areas of Asia and Africa. Woad has been used since Neolithic age: Egyptians were dyeing cloth wrappings used in mummification, and Romans wrote about the Painted People of the northern reaches of Britain (Picts) using woad to make blue body paint. In 16th and 17th century, European traders began importing indigo from India, but both plants fell into disuse in the 20th century.
#098 WORMWOOD In Slavic cultures, wormwood is a powerful herb protecting from all kinds of miseries and evil spirits. In a typically Polish style, it is a part of Christian Easter celebrations, and gets blessed in churches to strengthen its anti-evil powers. It was used to decorate coffins and the dead, ensuring they rest quietly and do not become possessed by evil spirits that could cause them to rise again (which makes the Easter connotation rather ironic). It was burned after the corpse was removed from the house for burial, to expel both the scent and the spirits. Wormwood was a part of multiple rituals, mostly to remove disease, venomous animals, possessions, and lack of appetite, which many Polish grandmothers equate with demonic possession. In other cultures, wormwood is often used as a symbol of bitterness, mostly because of the star or angel named Wormwood that appears in the Book of Revelations, falls on a third of rivers and springs, and turns them bitter. Many people die of poisoning.
344 | References
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#099 YARROW The scientific name of yarrow, Achillea millefolium, comes from the Iliad. According to Homer, yarrow was a gift from Chiron, the centaur herbalist, to Achilles—a magical herb that can cure all battle wounds was more than a little useful during the siege of Troy. Millefolium, 'a thousand-leaf,' refers to the feathery appearance of the leaves. In Western tradition, yarrow is mostly connected to curing wounds, blood-letting and blood-stopping, as well as love divination. A curious Suffolk custom suggested putting ayarrow leaf in the nose while reciting a loves-me-loves-menot rhyme—if the nose started bleeding, 'my love do love me.'
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In China, the art of divination with yarrow is much more advanced. Yarrow sticks are used in IChing cleromancy, building a complex system of hexagrams that can be interpreted by askilled oracle. Varieties of Achillea local to the diviner are considered most accurate, but plants gathered from spiritually important places, like the grounds of Confucian temples, are considered most powerful and prized. This method of divination gave name to the Yarrow algorithm for generation of random numbers, but name aside, there is no direct correlation between the two.
#100 YEW Taxus baccata, known as English or European yew, is astaple of churchyards and graveyards. It is estimated that about 500 English churches are now accompanied by a yew tree older than the building itself. The exact reason is unknown: it is speculated yews were connected to places of worship because of their magical power of keeping the spirits of the dead trapped underground. Another hypothesis states yews were planted at graveyards to stop farmers bringing their cattle to graze on plants growing between the graves; yew foliage is extremely toxic to cattle. In either case, yews were used for multiple purposes in Europe for hundreds of thousands of years. One of the world's oldest surviving wooden artifacts is a yew spear head, estimated to be over 450,000 years old. It was used for the well-known English longbows (with red heartwood used as the inner layer and white sapwood as the outer layer). It was also widely employed for its toxicity, as arrow poison, a murder weapon, or a method of suicide (according to Caesar in Gallic Wars, Cativolcus, chief of the Eburones, poisoned himself with yew rather than submit to Rome). Their association with death, longevity, and even rebirth has heavily influenced modern occult, which treats yew as an ominous plant, only to be called upon in the gravest of matters, sacred to Saturn and other gods of the afterlife. Some scholars even believe the Norse sacred tree, Yggdrasil, usually considered a giant ash tree, has been misinterpreted and should be, in fact, represented as a yew.
References | 345
Bibliography Ann Moura, Green Witchcraft
The four volumes of Green Witchcraft are commonly regarded as the prime source on Wicca and Green Magic. Published in late 1990s and early 2000s, the books are a comprehensive guide to magical use of plants: step-by-step instructions on spells, rituals, enchantments. Author’s background in history gives the books extra credibility, whether from the occult, pagan, or ethnobotanical point of view.
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal
An adorable testament to the measly state of herbalism and medicine in 17th century Europe. Full of anecdotes, falsehoods, and passages the likes of: Bay-tree is so well known, no description is necessary. As a source of accurate information, not advised; it becomes the most enjoyable material when read for pleasure.
Breverton’s Complete Herbal
A modern rewrite of Culpeper's book by Terry Breverton. The author covers everything Culpeper did, but with additional context and non-17th-century sensibilities. It's both informative and entertaining—and much easier to read than Culpeper's book.
Maude Grieve, A Modern Herbal
First published in 1930s, A Modern Herbal strikes a fine balance between the folk-botany of older publications and the scientific approach of the current times. What makes unique, is the inclusion of both poetry and
346 | Bibliography
medicinal and culinary recipes; the entry on elder is a goldmine and shares a pretty good recipe for elder wine: with allspice, ginger, and cloves. Available online in public domain.
John Ingram, Flora symbolica: or, the language and sentiment offlowers
This book, published in London in 1869, might be the one most worth reading out of Victorian books on the subject. All of them include poetry and lists of flowers and their meanings. This one gives context and stretches its legs outside Great Britain, which is rare. The individual entries not only talk about plants’ symbolism but also introduce a plethora of ethnobotanical and mythological lore.
William T. Stearn, Botanical Latin
An absolute classic for everybody who has felt that the Botanical Latin Primer chapter was too short and skipping over the incredibly important elements, like the genitive and ablative cases, and the usus of punctuation in botanical writing. Stearn’s book will cover all the bases for you, including Linnean canons. If you know, you know.
Paul Beyerl, The Master Book ofHerbalism
This is, by far, my favorite book in this collection. Honestly, if you want to get more knowledge about the traditional, sincere herbalism, just read it. It covers the medicinal use of herbs, their history and religious
lore, magical uses, preparations of incenses, oils, elixirs, correspondences of minerals and herbs. Compared with my book, it does not cover the botanical nor the worldbuilding angle, but if you are after the magic, it is your best bet.
Scott Cunningham, Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs
In 1985, Cunningham—already a known author and a Wiccan—has published a book on magical herbs, which over the years became probably the most popular source for modern Wiccans and beginner herbalists. The book covers hundreds of plants, listing their correspondences and specific magical uses, some of which I quoted or repurposed in this book. Cunnigham doesn't bother listing his sources and is currently considered 'pop occultism,' but his series of books introduced many people to the topic. He deserves recognition at least for the popularization of formerly-obscure topics.
Ashok M. Bendre, Ashok Kumar, A Textbook of Practical Botany
There are many books covering the basics of botany, but this one is mine. If what you need is a book that will teach you botany in a systematic manner, it's a good pick. Not alight, entertaining read, but solid science. It includes a plethora of useful diagrams and was invaluable in writing the lore chapter.
Plants for a Future, www.pfaf.org
An incredibly useful database covering over 7,000 plants and their edible, medicinal, and other uses, complete with notes on cultivation and hardiness. Fairly accurate, as far as I can tell, and quotes its sources. Surprisingly, a lot of the medicinal sections are direct quotes from A Modern Herbal.
WHO guidelines on good herbal processing practices for herbal medicines, www.who.int
No magic in this one either—but a lot of valuable, practical guidelines.
NOTABLE PRIMARY SOURCES Papyrus Ebers (ca. 1550 BCE) Sushruta Samhita (ca. 600 BCE, disputed) The Hippocratic Corpus (ca. 400 BCE) Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum (ca. 300 BCE) Pedanius Dioscorides, De Materia Medica (ca. 50—70) Pliny the Elder, Natural History (ca. 80) Galen of Pergamon, Works of Therapeutics (ca. 170) Shennong Bencaojing, The Divine Farmer's Classic of Materia Medica (ca. 200) Yaoxing Lun, Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs (ca. 600) Jabir ibn Hayyans, The Great Book on Specific Properties, Book of Poisons, and others from the Jabirian Corpus (ca. 800) Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, For One Who Has No Physician to Attend Him (ca. 900) Ibn Sina (Avicenna), The Canon of Medicine(1025) Hildegard of Bingen, Causae et Curae (ca.1150) Anonymous, Grete Herball (1526) Theophrastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus), Die grosse Wundarzney (Great Book of Surgery) (1536) Hieronymus Harder, Herbarium vivum (1562) John Gerard, The Herball or General History of Plants (1597)
Bibliography | 347
Plant Location Guide C = cold; T = temperate; W = warm plants marked with * are not described in the Plant Guide, but have been included to provide more variety Coasts W
allspice
W
beach hibiscus*
Deserts W C
agave*
Forests T
aconite W
bearberry
T
blackthorn (sloe)*
W
colocynth*
T
bog myrtle
W
date palm*
cedar
W
desert pea*
clove
W
frankincense
C T
coltsfoot
W
galbanum
T
fumitory
W
lovegrass*
T
knotgrass
W
myrrh
W
cinnamon
W
ohai*
W
ocotillo*
W
clove
C T W
pine
C T W
pine
W
coffee*
C T W
plantain
C T W
poppy
T W
rosemary
W
purslane
T W
sea holly*
W
prickly pear
T W
sea kale*
T W
rosemary
T
elder
C T W
saltbush*
C T W
fern
T W
tamarisk*
T
foxglove
woad
T
ginseng
C T W
W
sandalwood
C T W
thrift*
T
viper's bugloss*
348 | Plant Location Guide
C T
C T
allspice baneberry
W T
bay black hellebore
C T
bloodroot W
C T
calabar bean cedar
T
deadly nightshade
T W W
dogwood dragon's blood
Forests T
heal-all
T
heather W
T C T
Freshwater & Banks C T W
C T
basil
T W
calendula
W
calotropis
C T W
bladderwort*
holly
T
bog myrtle
T W
catnip
W
brahmi*
T W
chamomile
T W
bulrush*
juniper
W
lily of the valley
T
baby tears*
C T W
heliconia*
ivy
C T W
angelica
Gardens & Plantations
linden
C T
chrysanthemum
calabar bean
W
cinnamon
C T
cattail*
W
cocoa*
W
coffee*
C T
lucky hand
T
comfrey
T
mandrake
C T W
duckweed*
C T
mistletoe
T
floating heart*
T
nettle
C T W
hairgrass
T
dandelion
C T W
oak
T
hemlock
T W
dogwood
T W W C T W W
passion flower* pine pitcher plant*
C T W
plantain
T
primrose
C T
raspberry
T W C T
rose
W
sandalwood
W
star anise
W
thornapple*
T
yarrow
T
yew
T W
cotton*
C T
edelweiss
marsh hibiscus*
T
elder
T
mint
T
foxglove
T
nettle
C T W
plantain
C T W
T
primrose
T W
T W
W
W
razkovniche
frankincense garlic geranium ginger
reed*
T
hawthorn
sawgrass*
T
heal-all
T
skullcap
T
heather
T W
wapato*
T
holly
T W
water lily*
C T
ivy
water sprite*
C T
lady's mantle
C T W W
vanilla witch hazel
lotus
comfrey
T
rowan
T W
C T
W
oregano
T
W
wild rice*
T W
lavender
C T
willow
T W
lemon balm
C T
witch hazel
C T W
C T
life-everlasting
Plant Location Guide | 349
Gardens & Plantations C T
lily of the valley W
lotus
T
mint
T
nettle
Grasslands & Fields T W T W C T
Grasslands & Fields
adder's tongue
W
purslane
althaea
W
rue
T
amaranth
skullcap W
angelica
T W
oregano
T W
T W
parsley
C T W
clover
C T
sweetgrass
peony
T
comfrey
C T
willow
plantain
T
dandelion
C T
woad
pomegranate
T
foxglove
T
wormwood
C T W
poppy
T
fumitory
T
yarrow
T
primrose
C T C T W W
W
chamomile
pineapple*
T
hawkweed
W
purslane
T
hawthorn
raspberry
T
heather
T W
rose
T W
rosemary
C T W
juniper
rowan
T
knotgrass
C T T W
C T
C T
lady's mantle
W
sandalwood
C T
life-everlasting
T W
snapdragon
C T
lucky hand
W
sugarcane*
T
mandrake
T W
sunflower
T
mint
C T W
tea* thistle
T W
thornapple*
T W
thyme
C T T W T
mullein
T
tobacco
C T W
plantain
T
vervain
C T W
poppy
T
yarrow
T
primrose
adder's tongue althaea
W
beach hibiscus*
C T W
bladderwort*
T
bog myrtle
T W C T
bulrush* cedar
C
cottongrass* T
heather
T W
mangrove tree*
W
papyrus*
C T W
plantain
T
skullcap
nettle oregano
350 | Plant Location Guide
T W
moonwort
T W
W
Marshes
horsetail
sage
W
sunflower
galbanum
W
C T
T W
strychnine tree
C
swamp tea
C T
sweetgrass
T W C T
wapato* willow
Mountains T
aconite
T
balloon flower*
C T
baneberry
T
black hellebore
T
black snakeroot* W
Urban W C T W C T
Wastes W
calotropis clover
C T
calotropis coltsfoot
coltsfoot
T
dandelion
T
dandelion
T
deadly nightshade
T W
dogwood
T
elder
coffee*
T
elder
T
fumitory
edelweiss
T
hawkweed
T
hawkweed
W
frankincense
T
hawthorn
T
hawthorn
W
galbanum
T
heal-all
T
heather
T W
geranium
T
hemlock
T
hemlock
ginseng
C T
horsetail
C T
horsetail
glory-of-the-snow*
C T
ivy
C T W
juniper
knotgrass
T
knotgrass
C T
T T W T
heather
T
holly
C T
lady's mantle
lady's mantle
C T
life-everlasting
C T
T
T
lungwort*
T
C T
lucky hand
C T
C T
peony
T W
linden mugwort mullein
C T
life-everlasting
T
mandrake
C T
mugwort
T W T
mullein nettle
C T W
pine
T
nettle
T W
oregano
C T W
plantain
C T W
plantain
T W
parsley
rose
C T W
plantain
rowan
C T W
poppy
C T
rowan
C T
saxifrage*
C T
sandwort*
T W C T T W
T W
sneezeweed*
C T W
thistle
T W
spiderwort*
T
vervain
T W
spikenard*
C T
W
W
snapdragon
woad
C T
purslane raspberry
W
rue
T W
sage
tea*
T
wormwood
C T W
thistle
C T W
thistle
T
yarrow
T
vervain
T W
thyme
T
yew
T
wormwood
Plant Location Guide | 351
#001 Aconite (44—45)
#002 Adder's Tongue (46—47)
#003 Allspice (48—49)
#004 Althaea (50—51)
#005 Amaranth (52—53)
#006 Angelica (54—55)
#007 Baneberry (56—57)
#008 Basil (58—59)
#009 Bay (60—61)
#010 Black Hellebore (62—63)
#011 Bloodroot (64—65)
#012 Bog Myrtle (66—67)
#013 Burning Bush (68—69)
#014 Calabar Bean (70—71)
#015 Calendula (72—73)
#016 Calotropis (74—75)
#017 Catnip (76—77)
#018 Cedar (78—79)
#019 Chamomile (80—81)
#020 Chrysanthemum (82—83)
#021 Cinnamon (84—85)
#022 Clove (86—87)
#023 Clover (88—89)
#024 Coltsfoot (90—91)
#025 Comfrey (92—93)
352 | Plant Visual Guide
#026 Dandelion (94—95)
#027 Deadly Nightshade (96—97)
#028 Dogwood (98—99)
#029 Dragon's Blood (100—101)
#030 Edelweiss (102—103)
#031 Elder (104—105)
#032 Fern (106—107)
#033 Foxglove (108—109)
#034 Frankincense (110—111)
#035 Fumitory (112—113)
#036 Galbanum (114—115)
#037 Garlic (116—117)
#038 Geranium (118—119)
#039 Ginger (120—121)
#040 Ginseng (122—123)
#041 Hawkweed (124—125)
#042 Hawthorn (126—127)
#043 Heal-All (128—129)
#044 Heather (130—131)
#045 Hemlock (132—133)
#046 Holly (134—135)
#047 Horsetail (136—137)
#048 Ivy (138—139)
#049 Juniper (140—141)
#050 Knotgrass (142—143)
Plant Visual Guide | 353
#051 Lady's Mantle (144—145)
#052 Lavender (146—147)
#053 Lemon Balm (148—149)
#056 Linden (154—155)
#057 Lotus (156—157)
#058 Lucky Hand (158—159)
#059 Mandrake (160—161)
#060 Mint (162—163)
#061 Mistletoe (164—165)
#062 Moonwort (166—167)
#063 Mugwort (168—169)
#064 Mullein (170—171)
#065 Myrrh (172—173)
#066 Nettle (174—175)
#067 Oak (176—177)
#068 Oregano (178—179)
#069 Parsley (180—181)
#070 Peony (182—183)
#071 Pine (184—185)
#072 Plantain (186—187)
#073 Pomegranate (188—189)
#074 Poppy (190—191)
#075 Primrose (192—193)
354 | Plant Visual Guide
#054 Life-Everlasting #055 Lily of the Valley (150—151) (152—153)
#076 Purslane (194—195)
#077 Raspberry (196—197)
#078 Razkovniche (198—199)
#079 Rose (200—201)
#080 Rosemary (202—203)
#081 Rowan (204—205)
#082 Rue (206—207)
#083 Sage (208—209)
#084 Sandalwood (210—211)
#085 Skullcap (212—213)
#086 Snapdragon (214—215)
#087 Star Anise (216—217)
#088 Strychnine Tree (218—219)
#089 Sunflower (220—221)
#090 Sweetgrass (222—223)
#091 Thistle (224—225)
#092 Thyme (226—227)
#093 Tobacco (228—229)
#094 Vervain (230—231)
#095 Willow (232—233)
#096 Witch Hazel (234—235)
#097 Woad (236—237)
#098 Wormwood (238—239)
#099 Yarrow (240—241)
#100 Yew (242—243)
Plant Visual Guide | 355
Index A aak. Seecalotropis Abrus precatorius. Seerosary pea absinthe. Seewormwood ache. Seeparsley Achillea millefolium. Seeyarrow aconite 44–45, 254, 257, 259, 267, 271, 306 Aconitum napellus. Seeaconite Actaea spp.. Seebaneberry adder’s tongue 46–47, 254, 257, 306 adders-tongue fern. Seeadder’s tongue Adiantum capillus-veneris. Seefern adventure seeds 302 Ageratina altissima. Seewhite snakeroot Alchemilla vulgaris. Seelady's mantle Allium sativum. Seegarlic allspice 48–49, 254, 266, 267, 307 alraune. Seemandrake althaea 50–51, 254, 257, 265, 267, 307 Althaea officinalis. Seealthaea amaranth 52–53, 254, 255, 307 Amaranthus cruentus. Seeamaranth Anaphalis margaritacea. Seelife-everlasting angelica 54–55, 257, 259, 265, 308 Angelica archangelica. Seeangelica angel root. Seeangelica aniseed. Seestar anise Anointing Oil 255 antidotes 273 Antifreeze Paste 258 Antirrhinum majus. Seesnapdragon aphids 279 arrowwood. Seedogwood Artemisia absinthium. Seewormwood Artemisia vulgaris. Seemugwort ass's foot. Seecoltsfoot Astral Journey Cataplasm 258
356 | Index
astrology 288 Athyrium filis-femina. Seefern Atropa belladonna. Seedeadly nightshade
B badian. Seestar anise baneberry 56–57, 256, 308 Banishing Vinegar 262 basil 58–59, 257, 258, 265, 308 Basilisk's Venom Antidote 59, 258 basswood. Seelinden bath 265 bat's wings. Seeholly bay 60–61, 259, 263, 266, 267, 309 bayberry. Seeallspice bay tree. Seebay beams of sun. Seesunflower beer 263 beggary. Seefumitory belladonna. Seedeadly nightshade Berserker's Beer 67, 241, 263 bibliography 346 birds 279 bird's tongue. Seeknotgrass birdweed. Seeknotgrass bison grass. Seesweetgrass bitter herb. Seerue black elder. Seeelder black hellebore 62–63, 254, 257, 266, 309 black spot 279 blanket herb. Seemullein blend 264 blight 279 bloodroot 64–65, 261, 263, 264, 310 Blood Wine 65, 263 bloodwort. Seebloodroot; Seeyarrow blue rocket. Seeaconite blume. Seedragon's blood bog myrtle 66–67, 263, 265, 267, 310 boneset. Seecomfrey bonny rabbit. Seesnapdragon Boswellia sacra. Seefrankincense
botany 14 Botrychium lunaria. Seemoonwort bottle brush. Seehorsetail bracken. Seefern bramble. Seeraspberry breadseed poppy. Seepoppy Broken Heart Honey 262 bruisewort. Seecomfrey bugbane. Seebaneberry bulldog. Seesnapdragon burn hazel. Seenettle burning bush 68–69, 254, 259, 264, 310 butter rose. Seeprimrose
C calabar bean 70–71, 256, 259, 261, 264, 311 calendula 72–73, 257, 261, 264, 265, 311 Calendula officinalis. Seecalendula calf's snout. Seesnapdragon Calluna vulgaris. Seeheather calotropis 74–75, 259, 266, 312 Calotropis gigantea. Seecalotropis camomile. Seechamomile Camouflage Soap 265 candle 266 canker 279 cankerwort. Seedandelion capsule 259 carnivorous plants 15, 17 cassia. Seecinnamon castor bean 271 caterpillars 279 cat melissa. Seecatnip catmint. Seecatnip catnip 76–77, 256, 258, 259, 312 catswort. Seecatnip cedar 78–79, 255, 267, 312 chafe weed. Seelife-everlasting Chamaemelum nobile. Seechamomile chamomile 80–81, 261, 262, 265, 313 Chewing Gum 260 Chill Pill 173, 259
choosing plants 276 chop nut. Seecalabar bean Christmas rose. Seeblack hellebore chrysanth. Seechrysanthemum chrysanthemum 82–83, 255, 256, 258, 313 Chrysanthemum spp.. Seechrysanthemum Cicuta maculata. Seewater hemlock Cinnamomum verum. Seecinnamon cinnamon 84–85, 255, 259, 266, 267, 314 clarification 29 Closemouth 260 clove 86–87, 255, 259, 260, 264, 314 clove pepper. Seeallspice clover 88–89, 254, 260, 262, 315 co*cktail 264 coconut 259, 261 cohosh. Seebaneberry colors 39 coltsfoot 90–91, 255, 258, 267, 315 comfrey 92–93, 258, 267, 315 Commiphora myrrha. Seemyrrh common heather. Seeheather common holly. Seeholly common ivy. Seeivy common juniper. Seejuniper common sage. Seesage common thyme. Seethyme common yew. Seeyew companion plants 277 compass plant. Seerosemary composting 275 compounds 27 Conium maculatum. Seehemlock Convallaria majalis. Seelily of the valley corn poppy. Seepoppy Cornus florida. Seedogwood correspondences 286-291 astrological 288 magical 286 coughwort. Seecoltsfoot Courage Oil 255 Crataegus monogyna. Seehawthorn cream 257 crop rotation 278 crown flower. Seecalotropis cudweed. Seewormwood cultivated garlic. Seegarlic cultivation 275 Curse-Breaking Bath 55, 105, 265 cypress. Seecedar
D Dactylorhiza spp.. Seelucky hand Daemonorops draco. Seedragon's blood dandelion 94–95, 254, 255, 260, 267, 316 Daphne. Seebay
deadly nightshade 96–97, 257, 263, 265, 267, 271, 316 deadman's bells. Seefoxglove decoction 29, 254 Deep Focus 123, 173, 203, 266 devil's apple. Seemandrake devil's bread. Seehemlock devil's coffee. Seewitch hazel devil's dye. Seewoad devil's oatmeal. Seeparsley dewcup. Seelady's mantle Dictamnus albus. Seeburning bush Digitalis purpurea. Seefoxglove diseases 279 Disillusionment Ointment 73, 257 dittany. Seeburning bush diur. Seeoak Divine Soap 265 documentation 28, 250 dog button. Seestrychnine tree dogwood 98–99, 254, 258, 264, 265, 317 doll’s eyes. Seebaneberry drago. Seedragon's blood dragon's blood 100–101, 255, 257, 266, 317 dragon tree. Seedragon's blood Dream Pillow 267 drying 28 Dryopteris filix-mas. Seefern duckweed. Seepurslane dwale. Seedeadly nightshade dyer's woad. Seewoad
E earth smoke. Seefumitory edelweiss 102–103, 256, 265, 317 elder 104–105, 254, 261, 265, 318 elderberry. Seeelder elements 34 elf leaf. Seelavender elixir 256 Elixir of Heroes 115, 171, 175, 241, 256 elixir of life. Seelemon balm Elixir of Life 131, 151, 256 ellanwood. Seeelder enebro. Seejuniper Energizing Vapors 266 Energy Boost Gum 260 equipment 249 Equisetum arvense. Seehorsetail esere. Seecalabar bean essential oil 255 Eternal Bond 213, 264 Eternal Sun Bath 221, 265 ethics 33 evaporation 15 evergreen oak. Seeholly
F fairy weed. Seefoxglove false box. Seedogwood felon herb. Seemugwort
fern 106–107, 254, 265, 267, 318 fern's flower. Seefern Fertility Sachet 137, 267 fertilization 15 fertilizing 278 Ferula gummosa. Seegalbanum feshook. Seegalbanum Fey-Tal Attraction 261 field horsetail. Seehorsetail filtration 29 fir. Seepine Fire Resistance Bath 265 Firestarter 87, 264 flavor 247 floriography 292 florist's daisy. Seechrysanthemum flowering dogwood. Seedogwood flower of life. Seelotus flowers 23, 265 Flying Ointment 45, 97, 257 four-leaf clover. Seeclover foxglove 108–109, 261, 266, 319 frankincense 110–111, 260, 265, 267, 319 fraxinella. Seeburning bush freezing 28 friar’s cap. Seeaconite froach. Seeheather fruits 25 Fumaria officinalis. Seefumitory fumitory 112–113, 257, 262, 264, 267, 319 Funeral Lotion 59, 151, 257
G galbanum 114–115, 256, 258, 260, 264, 266, 320 gallows. Seemandrake gardening 274–279 garden mint. Seemint garden parsley. Seeparsley garden sage. Seesage garden thyme. Seethyme garlic 116–117, 258, 263, 320 gas plant. Seeburning bush generic name 294 geranium 118–119, 256, 257, 259, 320 Ghost-Speech Syrup 79, 255 giant fennel. Seegalbanum giant milkweed. Seecalotropis gilofre. Seeclove gin berry. Seejuniper ginepro. Seejuniper ginger 120–121, 254, 255, 263, 321 ginseng 122–123, 256, 257, 266, 321 glastum. Seewoad glovewort. Seelily of the valley Glue of Attachment 262 golden crown. Seesunflower Golden Lure 261 golden rod. Seemullein Good Mood Vapors 266 Goodnight Wine 195, 263 gort. Seeivy green ginger. Seewormwood
Index | 357
Green Oil of Charity 47, 257 green resin. Seegalbanum grenadier. Seepomegranate ground apple. Seechamomile gum arabic 267 gum myrrh tree. Seemyrrh
H habit 17 hag's taper. Seemullein Hamamelis spp.. Seewitch hazel hand of power. Seelucky hand hard candy 260 harvesting 27, 278 haw. Seehawthorn hawkweed 124–125, 256, 257, 260, 267, 322 hawthorn 126–127, 258, 259, 261, 262, 322 headache. Seepoppy heal-all 128–129, 265, 266, 322 Healing Candle 266 Healing Potion 254 heart-of-the-earth. Seeheal-all heath. Seeheather heather 130–131, 256, 265, 267, 323 Hedera helix. Seeivy Heightened Senses Cream 257 Helianthus annuus. Seesunflower hellebore. Seeblack hellebore Helleborus niger. Seeblack hellebore helmet flower. Seeskullcap helping hand. Seelucky hand hemlock 132–133, 323 herbal 250 herbalism 26 herbal magic 32 herbarium 250 herb of death. Seeparsley herb-of-grace. Seerue Hide Scent 264 Hierochloe odorata. Seesweetgrass hindberry. Seeraspberry Hippomane mancinella. Seemanchineel holly 134–135, 265, 267, 324 holy ghost. Seeangelica holy grass. Seesweetgrass holy herb. Seesage; Seevervain holy thistle. Seethistle holy tree. Seeholly honey 29, 262 hoodwort. Seeskullcap horsetail 136–137, 259, 266, 267, 324 huautli. Seeamaranth human root. Seeginseng
I Ilex aquifolium. Seeholly Illicium verum. Seestar anise Illusionist's Trick 65, 264 incense 267. See alsofrankincense
358 | Index
inflorescence 23 infused oil 261 infusion 29, 254 Invisibility Potion 63, 103, 254 Iron Breaker 167, 231, 260 ironherb. Seevervain Isatis tinctoria. Seewoad ivy 138–139, 257, 258, 262, 325
J jerang. Seedragon's blood Jove's nuts. Seeoak joy of the mountain. Seeoregano juniper 140–141, 258, 259, 263, 325 Juniperus communis. Seejuniper
K karan. Seemyrrh king seed. Seeamaranth kiss-and-go. Seemistletoe knitbone. Seecomfrey knotgrass 142–143, 256, 262, 264, 267, 325 knotweed. Seeknotgrass
L ladder to heaven. Seelily of the valley lady fern. Seefern lady's glove. Seefoxglove lady's mantle 144–145, 256, 259, 326 lady's tears. Seelily of the valley language of flowers 292 Latin 294 laung. Seeclove Laurus nobilis. Seebay Lavandula angustifolia. Seelavender lavender 146–147, 255, 256, 259, 267, 326 LD50 268 leaves 21 lemon balm 148–149, 259, 262, 327 Leontopodium nivale. Seeedelweiss Lie Sniffer 163, 260 life-everlasting 150–151, 256, 257, 260, 327 lily of the valley 152–153, 256, 261, 266, 327 lime tree. Seelinden linden 154–155, 254, 256, 260, 328 ling. Seeheather lion's foot. Seelady's mantle lion's mouth. Seesnapdragon lion's paw. Seeedelweiss lion's tooth. Seedandelion liquid gold. Seesandalwood Liquid Luck 49, 254 little hogweed. Seepurslane location guide 348 Lock-Picking Gum 260 lotion 257
lotus 156–157, 256, 260, 265, 328 Love Philter Antidote 256 Lover's Visage 179, 264 lucky hand 158–159, 258, 261, 267, 328 Lycanthropy Cure 254
M maceration 29 mad-dog. Seeskullcap madweed. Seeskullcap magical properties 32 Magic Detection Oil 261 Magic Sight Tincture 169, 256 maidenhair. Seefern male fern. Seefern manchineel 271 Mandragora officinarum. Seemandrake mandrake 160–161, 257, 262, 266, 329 manna grass. Seesweetgrass marigold. Seecalendula marination 29 marshmallow. Seealthaea Marsilea quadrifolia. Seerazkovniche masslin. Seemistletoe masterwort. Seeangelica Matricaria chamomilla. Seechamomile Matteuccia struthiopteris. Seefern mawseed. Seepoppy May bells. Seelily of the valley maybush. Seehawthorn medicinal use 282 medicine 30 melissa. Seelemon balm Melissa officinalis. Seelemon balm Mending Paste 187, 258 Mental Protection Tea 254 Mentha spp.. Seemint metabolites 27 mildew 279 milfoil. Seeyarrow milk thistle. Seethistle mint 162–163, 255, 260, 267, 329 mirra. Seemyrrh mistle. Seemistletoe mistletoe 164–165, 254, 262, 267, 330 monkshood. Seeaconite moonwort 166–167, 254, 256, 257, 260, 262, 330 mosquito plant. Seevervain motherdie. Seehawthorn mother of the herbs. Seerue mother's daisy. Seechamomile mountain ash. Seerowan mouse-ear. Seehawkweed mouse-not. Seestrychnine tree mugwort 168–169, 255, 256, 258, 263, 331 mullein 170–171, 255, 256, 264, 331
mums. Seechrysanthemum Myrica gale. Seebog myrtle myrrh 172–173, 259, 262, 266, 331
N nail weed. Seehawkweed nardus. Seelavender naughty man. Seemugwort Necromancer's Aid 109, 266 Nelumbo nucifera. Seelotus Nepeta cataria. Seecatnip Nerium oleander. Seeoleander nettle 174–175, 256, 265, 267, 332 Nicotiana tabacum. Seetobacco Night Owl Soup 261 nine hooks. Seelady's mantle nine joints. Seeknotgrass noble laurel. Seebay nosebleed. Seeyarrow nutrition 15 nux vomica. Seestrychnine tree
O oak 176–177, 255, 258, 332 Ocimum basilicum. Seebasil oghoul. Seelemon balm oil 29 ointment 29, 257 old field balsam. Seelife-everlasting oleander 271 oliban. Seefrankincense olibanum. Seefrankincense Ophioglossum vulgatum. Seeadder’s tongue Oracle Syrup 91, 255 orange 255 Orchis spp.. Seelucky hand ordeal bean. Seecalabar bean oregano 178–179, 258, 260, 264, 333 Origanum vulgare. Seeoregano Orvietan 69, 259 osier. Seewillow ostrich fern. Seefern
P Package of Good Spirits 223, 267 Paeonia spp.. Seepeony paeony. Seepeony panacea 273 Panax ginseng. Seeginseng Papaver spp.. Seepoppy paraherbalism 26 parasitic plants 15, 17 parsley 180–181, 257, 266, 333 password. Seeprimrose paste 258 pastel. Seewoad Peace Oil 255 pearl. Seelife-everlasting pearly everlasting. Seelife-everlasting pelargonium. Seegeranium Pelargonium graveolens. Seegeranium
peony 182–183, 254, 260, 261, 263, 333 pepper 258 peppermint. Seemint Pest-Be-Gone 67, 207, 265 pests 279 Petroselinum crispum. Seeparsley Philter of Love 47, 254 photosynthesis 14, 15 Physostigma venenosum. Seecalabar bean pigweed. Seeamaranth; Seepurslane pill 259 pillow 267 Pilosella officinarum. Seehawkweed Pimenta dioica. Seeallspice pimento. Seeallspice pine 184, 255, 260, 262, 334 piney. Seepeony Pinus spp.. Seepine pipe tree. Seeelder piss-a-bed. Seedandelion Plantago major. Seeplantain plantain 186–187, 254, 258, 265, 266, 334 plant generation 298 Plant Growth Oil 81, 261 plant guide 41 planting 276 plant material 26 plaster 29 poison 268 poison hemlock. Seehemlock poison nut. Seestrychnine tree poison parsley. Seehemlock poison uses 272 polar plant. Seerosemary pollination 23 Polygonum aviculare. Seeknotgrass pomegranate 188–189, 254, 255, 260, 264, 335 poppy 190–191, 256, 263, 267, 335 Portulaca oleracea. Seepurslane potency 35 pot marigold. Seecalendula poultice 29, 258 pound garnet. Seepomegranate powder 29, 259 Powder of Protection 259 preparations 29 preserving 28 primary sources 347 primrose 192–193, 261, 262, 335 Primula vulgaris. Seeprimrose prince’s feather. Seeamaranth Protection from Evil Spirits 51, 257 Prunella vulgaris. Seeheal-all Pteridium spp.. Seefern puffball. Seedandelion Punica granatum. Seepomegranate purslane 194–195, 259, 263, 265, 336 pussly. Seepurslane
Q Quercus spp.. Seeoak quest ideas 302 quickbeam. Seerowan quickthorn. Seehawthorn
R Rain-Bringer 267 raskovnik. Seerazkovniche raspberry 196–197, 267, 336 razkovniche 198–199, 260, 262, 267, 336 recipes 252 red puccoon. Seebloodroot redroot. Seebloodroot Removal of Bad Habits 79, 267 reproduction 15, 25 respiration 15 rhizomes 19 ripple grass. Seeplantain Risinus communis. Seecastor bean rituals 38 roots 17 rosary pea 271 Rosa spp.. Seerose rose 200–201, 254, 257, 264, 266, 337 rose geranium. Seegeranium rosemary 202–203, 255, 266, 337 rowan 204–205, 263, 266, 338 rozryw. Seerazkovniche Rubus idaeus. Seeraspberry ruddles. Seecalendula rue 206–207, 259, 262, 265, 338 Ruta graveolens. Seerue
S sachet 267 sacred lotus. Seelotus Safe-Travels Paste 93, 258 sage 208–209, 260, 261, 339 sailor's tobacco. Seemugwort salep. Seelucky hand Salix spp.. Seewillow sallow. Seewillow salve 29, 257 Salvia officinalis. Seesage Salvia rosmarinus. Seerosemary Sambucus nigra. Seeelder sample plant 42–43 sandal. Seesandalwood sandalwood 210–211, 254, 255, 266, 339 Sanguinaria canadensis. Seebloodroot sanguinary. Seeyarrow Santalum album. Seesandalwood satyrion root. Seelucky hand savior. Seesage scented mayweed. Seechamomile scouring rush. Seehorsetail Scutellaria lateriflora. Seeskullcap sea dew. Seerosemary
Index | 359
seed dispersal 25 seed collecting 278 Seer's Wine 61, 263 self-heal. Seeheal-all shamrock. Seeclover Shapeshifter's Bane 45, 259 shavegrass. Seehorsetail shepherd's club. Seemullein Shrinking Drops 143, 256 silverskin. Seegarlic silver star. Seeedelweiss Silybum marianum. Seethistle simpler's joy. Seevervain skullcap 212–213, 254, 264, 267, 339 Sleep Elixir 147, 256 slippery-root. Seecomfrey slugs 279 Smoke of Purification 111, 267 snails 279 Snake Charmer 75, 266 snakeroot. Seebaneberry snakeweed. Seeplantain snapdragon 214–215, 260, 265, 340 soap 265 soil 275 sorb apple. Seerowan Sorbus spp.. Seerowan sorcerer's root. Seemandrake soup 261 spearmint. Seemint specific name 294 spike. Seelavender spotted elder. Seewitch hazel spotted thistle. Seethistle star anise 216–217, 255, 263, 265, 266, 340 star of the glacier. Seeedelweiss stellaria. Seelady's mantle stems 19 stinger. Seenettle stinging nettle. Seenettle stinking rose. Seegarlic stinkweed. Seegarlic; Seetobacco St. Joseph’s wort. Seebasil storage 28, 251 stork's-bill. Seegeranium Strengthening Syrup 255 strychnine tree 218–219, 271, 341 Strychnos nux-vomica. Seestrychnine tree Success in Business 93, 267 summer's bride. Seecalendula Summoning Candle 205, 266 sun crown. Seesunflower sunflower 220–221, 261, 265, 341 supplies 249 swallow-wort. Seecalotropis swamp star. Seestar anise sweet balm. Seelemon balm sweet basil. Seebasil sweet bay. Seebay sweetgale. Seebog myrtle sweetgrass 222–223, 263, 267, 341
360 | Index
sweet slumber. Seebloodroot sweet willow. Seebog myrtle sweet wood. Seecinnamon symbols 37 Symphytum officinale. Seecomfrey syrup 29, 255 Syzygium aromaticum. Seeclove
W
unguent 257 Universal Solvent 185, 262 unshoe-the-horse. Seemoonwort Urtica dioica. Seenettle
Wardroot Gum 260 warlock's weed. Seehemlock Water-Breathing Capsule 259 water clover. Seerazkovniche water fairy. Seelotus water hemlock 271 water lily. Seelotus water management 278 wax dolls. Seefumitory waybread. Seeplantain Wayfarer's Beer 263 weight measurements 252 wermouth. Seewormwood white cedar. Seecedar white clover. Seeclover white herb. Seemoonwort white-mallow. Seealthaea white man's foot. Seeplantain white saunders. Seesandalwood white snakeroot 271 whole spice. Seeallspice wild celery. Seeangelica wild marjoram. Seeoregano wild wormwood. Seemugwort willow 232–233, 259, 265, 267, 343 wine 263 winterbloom. Seewitch hazel wintersweet. Seeoregano witch hazel 234–235, 257, 263, 344 witch's berry. Seedeadly nightshade witch's thimbles. Seefoxglove witch's tree. Seewitch hazel witch tree. Seecedar witchwood. Seerowan woad 236–237, 344 wolfsbane. Seeaconite wolf's berry. Seedeadly nightshade wonder of the world. Seeginseng wool flower. Seeedelweiss wormwood 238–239, 254, 260, 264, 265, 344 woundwort. Seeheal-all
V
Y
T tabacca. Seetobacco tabak. Seetobacco tablet 259 tanner's bark. Seeoak Taraxacum officinale. Seedandelion tash plant. Seecoltsfoot taste masking 247 taxonomy 14 Taxus baccata. Seeyew teil. Seelinden thieves' grass. Seerazkovniche thistle 224–225, 259, 262, 266, 267, 342 Thuja occidentalis. Seecedar thyme 226–227, 257, 263, 264, 342 Thymus vulgaris. Seethyme tilia flower. Seelinden Tilia spp.. Seelinden tincture 29, 256 tobacco 228–229, 256, 262, 267, 271, 343 tools 36, 249 toxic plants 271 toxins 268–273 transpiration 15 transportation 251 Treasure Hunter 260 treatment 273 tree ivy. Seeivy tree of enchantment. Seewillow tree of life. Seecedar trefoil. Seeclover Trifolium repens. Seeclover true fern. Seefern true lavender. Seelavender Tussilago farfara. Seecoltsfoot
U
vanilla 254 vanilla grass. Seesweetgrass vapor 266. See alsofumitory venom 268 Verbascum thapsus. Seemullein Verbena officinalis. Seevervain vervain 230–231, 260, 262, 343 vinegar 29, 258, 262 Viscum album. Seemistletoe
yarrow 240–241, 256, 260, 263, 267, 345 yew 242–243, 255, 266, 345
Z Zingiber officinale. Seeginger
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— HERBALIST’S PRIMER —
P P P P P
A guide to real-world magical plants. A mix of ethnobotany, folklore, green witchcraft, occult, and science. A fully-illustrated, thoroughly-researched resource for writers and world-builders. An all-in-one book for druids, healers, alchemists, and poisoners—perfect as an in-world item and applicable in all fantasy (and most modern) settings. A system-agnostic toolkit for game masters everywhere, complete with tips on including the plants in your campaigns—and creating new, exciting pieces of flora.
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ISBN 978-952-69894-0-2
